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National 5 Biology > Multicellular Organisms (Part 1) > Flashcards

Multicellular Organisms (Part 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

How is the CNS connected to the rest of the body?

A

By neurons (nerves)

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3
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum?

A

Controls conscious thought and memory and personality

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4
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Controls muscle coordination and balance

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5
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A

Controls breathing & heart rate

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6
Q

How many chromosomes does the human body have?

A

46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs.

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7
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A

Two sets of chromosomes in the same cell.

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8
Q

What is the chromosome complement of human cells?

A

46

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9
Q

What is a chromosome made out of?

A

A chromosome is made out of two chromatids, joined at the centromere

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10
Q

What is the pathway of an impulse?

A

Stimulus → Receptor → Sensory neuron → Inter neuron → Motor neuron → Effector → Response

NOTE: the impulse travels across synapses, releasing chemicals that reach the ((next neuron**.

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11
Q

Give examples of stimuli

A

Heat, pain, sound, object moving towards you, smell

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12
Q

Give examples of receptors

A

Skin, eyes, ears, tongue, nose

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13
Q

Give examples of effectors

A

Muscle, glands

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14
Q

Give examples of responses.

A

Swallowing, pulling hand away, catching ball

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15
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The place where two neurons meet

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16
Q

What happens when an impulse reaches a synapse?

A

When a nerves electrical impulse arrives at the end of one neuron, it causes the release of chemicals. The chemicals diffuse across the synapse and bind with receptors on the next neuron, triggering another impulse

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17
Q

What is the function of the sensory neuron?

A

The sensory neuron passes information from a receptor to the CNS

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18
Q

Describe the process of mitosis.

A
  1. Nucleus contains long uncoiled chromosomes which are difficult to see.
  2. Chromosomes make copies of themselves and become visible as pairs of identical chromatids.
  3. Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell
  4. Spindle fibres attach to chromosomes and pairs of chromatids are pulled apart.
  5. Chromosomes move to opposite poles.
  6. Nuclear membrane forms and cytoplasm divides.
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19
Q

What is the function of the Inter neuron?

A

The Inter neuron operates within the CNS to transfer impulses from sensory neuron to motor neuron.

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20
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Stem cells are unspecialised cells involved in growth and repair. They are responsible for the production of specialised cells in animals.

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21
Q

What is the special ability of a stem cell?

A

Stem cells can self-renew by cell division or have the potential to become different types of specialised cell.

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22
Q

What is the function of the motor neuron?

A

The motor neuron carries impulses from the CNS to the effector (muscle or gland)

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23
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers

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24
Q

What does a hormone do?

A

Hormones are carried all over the body to a specific target cell. The hormone binds to a specific receptor and causes changes to occur inside the cell.

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25
Q

What are the characteristics of a nerve message?

A

Electrical message

Travel in the nerves

Fast speed

26
Q

What are the characteristics of a hormone?

A

Chemical message

Travel in the blood

Slow travel

27
Q

What happens when there is an increase in blood sugar?

A

Change detected by pancreas

Insulin released into liver from pancreas

Insulin binds to specific receptor on the membrane of liver cell

Cells stimulated to take in glucose

Glucose converted to glycogen which is release into bloodstream

28
Q

What happens when there is a decrease in blood sugar?

A

Pancreas produces glucagon

Glucagon travels in the blood

To the liver

Glycogen is broken down into glucose

Glucose is released into the blood.

29
Q

What types of cell can stem cells become?

A

Red blood cells, muscle cell, nerve cell, bone cell etc.

30
Q

What are the main processes that stem cells are naturally used for in an human body?

A

Growth and repair

31
Q

What is the structure and function of a nerve cell?

A

Long connection length

Useful for transmitting signals over long distance from sensors to the brain.

32
Q

What is the structure and function of a red blood cell?

A

Has biconcave shape and no nucleus.

Allows for large surface area so it can carry more oxygen.

33
Q

What is the structure and function of a sperm cell?

A

Has a tail

Useful for swimming to the egg and fertilising it.

34
Q

What is the structure and function of a root hair cell?

A

Long and thin

Allows for a large surface area to absorb more water.

35
Q

What is the structure and function of a leaf palisade cell?

A

Has many chloroplasts

Allows for photosynthesis to be carried out effectively.

36
Q

What structure and function of a cilliated cell?

A

Has tiny hairs

Helps move eggs along oviduct.

37
Q

How can multicellular organisms be organised in a hierarchy?

A

Cells, tissues and organs, organ system and organism.

38
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

A cell with one set of chromosomes.

39
Q

How many chromosomes do haploid cells have?

A

23

40
Q

What is the male gamete cell in animals?

A

Sperm cell

41
Q

Where is the sperm produced?

A

Testes

42
Q

What is fertilisation in animals?

A

When the sperm nucleus and the egg nucleus fuse together.

43
Q

What is the female gamete cell in animals?

A

The egg

44
Q

Where is the egg produced?

A

Ovaries

45
Q

Where does fertilisation occur in animals?

A

The oviduct.

46
Q

What is the male gamete in plants?

A

Pollen

47
Q

Where is the pollen produced?

A

The anther

48
Q

What is the female gamete in plants?

A

The ovule.

49
Q

Where is the ovule produced?

A

Ovary

50
Q

What does the zygote form after dividing?

A

An embryo

51
Q

What are the two types of variation?

A

Continuous and discrete variation.

52
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

A characteristic that shows a range of values between a minimum and a maximum.

It is measurable.

It exhibits polygenic inheritance.

53
Q

What is discrete variation?

A

A characteristic that falls into two or more distinct groups.

It is non-measurable.

It exhibits single gene inheritance.

54
Q

What is polygenic inheritance?

A

A characteristic controlled by more than one type of gene.

55
Q

What is a heterozygous organism?

A

Organism that contains two different alleles of the same gene.

56
Q

What is a homozygous organism?

A

Organism that contains identical alleles for a particular gene.

57
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

An allele that always shows its effect and masks the presence of the other form of gene.

58
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

Type of allele that is masked by the dominant allele.

59
Q

In mice, the allele for a black coat (B) is dominant to the allele for a white coat (b).

Using that information, answer the following questions:

  • A) What is the genotype for a mouse with homozygous of the dominant allele?
  • B) What would the phenotype of that mouse be?
  • C) What is the genotype for a mouse with heterozygous alleles?
  • D) What would its phenotype be?
  • E) What is the genotype of a mouse with homozygous recessive alleles?
  • F) What would its phenotype be?
  • G) Why is a mouse with genotype bb described by homozygous?
A

A) BB

B) black coat

C) Bb

D) black coat

E) bb

F) white coat

G) Because they have two of the same allele.

60
Q

Describe how an electrical impulse travels.

A

The stimulus is detected by receptors.

Sent by electrical impulse.

Impulse then travels from sensory neuron to inter neuron

Across synapses, triggering release of chemicals which then go towards the next neuron

Then it travels towards motor neuron

Then towards the effector (a muscle or gland) which then triggers response.

61
Q

Problem Solving:

As a result of Type 1 diabetes, glucose is unable to enter the cells of the body. A symptom of this is extreme tiredness.

Why might a person suffer extreme tiredness?

A

Glucose is needed to release energy, if there is less glucose then less energy is released.

National 5 Biology (6 decks)

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