Enzymes & Genetic Engineering

Question 1

What is a degradation reaction?

Answer 1

Degradation is when larger substrates are broken down into smaller products

Question 2

What is a synthesis reaction?

Answer 2

A synthesis reaction is when smaller substrates are built up into larger products.

Question 3

What is the definition of denatured?

Answer 3

It when an active site of an enzyme loses its shape

Question 4

What are the key properties of an enzyme?

Answer 4

1. Made of protein
2. Biological catalysts/reusable
3. The active site of an enzyme is specific to one type of substrate.
4. Most active at optimum conditions (pH and temp)
5. Denatured at high temps or certain pH levels.

Question 5

At what temperature are enzymes at its optimum?

Answer 5

37°C

Question 6

What is an antibody?

Answer 6

Made from white blood cells which protect the body from harmful microbes

Question 7

When is an enzyme most active?

Answer 7

At its optimum conditions

Question 8

What are the two variable enzymes are affected by?

Answer 8

Temperature and pH

Question 9

What happened to enzyme activity at 0 degrees?

Answer 9

Denatured, no enzyme activity

Question 10

What happens to enzyme activity at 15-18 degrees

Answer 10

Most enzymes denatured, increased activity.

Question 11

What happens to enzyme activity at 37 degrees?

Answer 11

Activity at its optimum.

Question 12

What happens to enzyme activity at 50-60 degrees

Answer 12

Denatures >50 degrees, will stop working and decreased enzyme activity (a lot) . No activity at 60 degrees.

Question 13

What is haemoglobin?

Answer 13

Red pigment that carries oxygen around the body.

Question 14

What are hormones?

Answer 14

Chemical messengers. Eg: testosterone, oestrogen, insulin

Question 15

What are transport proteins?

Answer 15

Help movement of molecules. Eg: membrane proteins

Question 16

What are structural proteins?

Answer 16

Provide shape and support. Eg: keratin, collagen, myosin

Question 17

What are proteins made out of?

Answer 17

A chain of amino acids

Question 18

What does the order of amino acids determine?

Answer 18

Structure and Function of a protein

Question 19

What is the active site?

Answer 19

The part of the enzyme which binds and reacts to a substrate

Question 20

Explain the specificity of enzymes.

Answer 20

The active site of each type of enzyme has a different shape from any other type of enzyme so it will only bind to one substrate

Question 21

Give examples of degradation reactions.

Answer 21

Starch -> Maltose (with amylase)
Hydrogen Peroxide -> Water + oxygen (with catalase)

Question 22

Give an example of a synthesis reaction.

Answer 22

Glucose-1-Phosphate -> Starch (with phosphorylase)

Question 23

What is a substrate?

Answer 23

The substance at that will bind and react with the active site of the enzyme, at the beginning of the reaction.

Question 24

What is genetic engineering?

Answer 24

Genetic engineering involves the removal of a gene from the chromosome of one organism and their insertion into the chromosome of a completely different organism.

Question 25

Stage 1 of genetic engineering

Answer 25

Gene is located on the human chromosome

Question 26

Stage 2 of genetic engineering

Answer 26

Gene is removed from the chromosome using enzymes

Question 27

Stage 3 of genetic engineering

Answer 27

Plasmid removed from bacterial cell and cut open using enzymes.

Question 28

Stage 4 of genetic engineering

Answer 28

Gene is inserted into plasmid and sealed using an enzyme.

Question 29

Stage 5 of genetic engineering

Answer 29

Modified plasmid is inserted into bacterial cell to create a genetically modified organism.

Question 30

Stage 6 of genetic engineering

Answer 30

Bacterial cells divide and produce product which can be extracted and purified in large.

Question 31

What are the uses of genetic engineering?

Answer 31

Production of medicines. Eg: insulin and growth hormone
Genetically modified crops resistant to disease and longer shelf lives

Question 32

What is the test for starch?

Answer 32

Iodine solution turns from red/brown to blue/black when starch is present.

Question 33

What is the test for a reducing sugar?

Answer 33

Benedict’s solution turns from blue to red WHEN HEATED when a reducing sugar is present