Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Multicellular Organisms > Flashcards

Multicellular Organisms Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How are new cells formed?

A

Mitosis is the name given to the process of cell division.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why do new cells need to be produced?

A

For growth

& Repair of damaged cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What part of the cell controls mitosis?

A

The nucleus controls mitosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

Chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many chromosomes does a human cell contain?

A

46

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is one strand of a duplicated chromosomes called?

A

One chromatid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the centre of a duplicated chromosome called?

A

A centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens during mitosis?

A

Parent cell with four chromosomes

Chromosomes are copied. They are joined in the centre by a centromere and are called chromatids.

Chromatids become shorter and thicker and become visible. The nuclear membrane disappears.

Chromatids line up along the equator and are attached by spindle fibres.

The spindle fibres shorten pulling the chromatids to opposite poles.

Nuclear membrane does around each nucleus.

Cytoplasm divides and so the cell is divided into two identical daughter cells contains exactly the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens to the number of chromosomes after mitosis?

A

Body cells are diploid meaning that they have 2 matching sets of chromosomes.

Mitosis maintains the diploid chromosome complement by producing two diploid daughter cells.

Meaning that all body cell have the same chromosome complement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Stem cells are unspecialised cells in animals.

They are also single cells that can replicate itself or differentiate into many cell types.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can stem cells divide in order to do?

A

Self-renew

Become different types of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are stem cells involved in?

A

Growth and repair.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some of the uses for stem cells?

A

Replacement body organs (heart, trachea)

Bone marrow transplants

Skin grafts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are all living organisms made up of?

A

Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How can cells have different functions?

A

Different cells have different structures to allow them to carry out different functions.

These cells are called specialised cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of an egg cell?

A

Provides a food source for cell division after fertilisation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of the sperm?

A

Provides energy to swim to the egg

Allows it to swim/move to the egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of the neurone?

A

Transmits nerve impulses

Communication with other neurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of the red blood cell?

A

Increase the surface area
carry oxygen
To carry more oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of the root hair?

A

Increase the surface area for the absorption of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of the palisade mesophyll?

A

Main site of photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Do specialised cells carry out every function required for life?

A

Specialised cells in animals and plants lead to the creation of tissues and organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are tissues and organs?

A

Tissues are a group of specialised cells that preform one function.

An organ is a structure made up of several different tissues that preform different functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do groups of organs do?

A

Groups of organs work together to form systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the order do cells, tissues and organs go in?

A

Cells —> tissues —> organ —> organ system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum?

A

Memory, imagination, reasoning, conscious thought and intelligence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Controls balance and muscular coordination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A

Controls the rate of the breathing and heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where does learning take place?

A

Learning memory and high-level reasoning takes place in the cerebrum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the three levels of memory?

A

Sensory
Short- term
Long- term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the internal communication required for?

A

Survival of a multicellular organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What can cells in multicellular organisms not do?

A

They can not work independently.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a neurone and what does it do?

A

A neurone is a nerve cell

Electrical impulses carry messages along the neurone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the three neurone?

A

Sensory neurone
Inter neurone
Motor neurone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does the sensory neurone do?

A

Receives information from the receptor.

Passes the information to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does the inter neurone do?

A

Receives information from sensory neurone

Passes information to motor neurone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does the motor neurone do?

A

Receives information from the CNS

Passes information to effectors which produce a response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is an effector?

A

The part of the body that produces responses they can either be:

Muscles contracting

Glands which produce hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What type of response is muscles contracting?

A

Rapid response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What response is glands producing hormones?

A

Slow response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are synapses?

A

Gaps in between neurone are called synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What happens at the end of a neurone?

A

Electrical impulse reach the end of a neurone chemicals are released from it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What does a synapses do?

A

When chemicals are released from the end of a neuron these chemicals transfer messages between neuron at synapses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the nervous system composed of?

A

The central nervous system (CNS) and the nerves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the CNS (Central Nervous System) composed of?

A

The brain and the spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

A reflex action is a rapid, automatic response by the nervous system.

They are involuntary and do not involve the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How does a reflex action occur?

A

Information is passed to the inter neuron in the spinal cord which sends the information between the sensory and motor neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the neurons that act to produce a reflex action called?

A

Reflex arc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the process of the reflex arc?

A

Stimulus —> receptors in sensory organs detect input/stimuli —> sensory neuron —> inter neuron —> motor neuron —> effectors (muscle and gland) —> response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What would happen if there was a delay before the response happened in the reflex arc?

A

Reflex actions protect the body from further damage by allowing the body to react quickly to stimuli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are some examples of reactions to a stimuli?

A

Immediately pulling hand away from something hot or sharp

Blinking of object comes towards eyes

Coughing if food goes down the windpipe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Hormones are chemical messengers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is endocrine gland?

A

Releases hormones into the blood stream.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are hormones specific to?

A

Target tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

How do hormones work?

A

Target tissues have cells with complementary receptor proteins for specific hormones, so only that tissue will be affected by the hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

If the tissue does not have the correct receptor for a hormone what happens to the tissue?

A

It is unaffected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What happens if blood glucose levels are too high?

A

If blood glucose levels are too high, then the water concentration of blood falls and will stop cell reactions from occurring.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What happens if blood glucose levels are to low?

A

The body cells will not get enough glucose and will not be able to release enough energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

How is blood glucose level controlled if it’s to high?

A

Increase in blood glucose—> pancreas detects the change and released more insulin —> liver changes glucose into glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

How is blood glucose level controlled if it’s to low?

A

Decrease in blood glucose—> pancreas detects the change and releases more glucagon —> liver changes glycogen into glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What condition do people suffer from if they cannot control blood glucose levels?

A

Diabetes due to the body failing to release insulin or not responding to insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What are sex cells called?

A

Gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What are the differences between sperm and egg cells?

A

Sperm- small, tail to swim, small food store, millions produced

Egg- large, does not move, large food store

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Where are the sex cells produced?

A

Tested are the site of sperm production

Ovary are the site of egg production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What happens when the spent and egg meet?

A 
23 chromosomes from father 
23 chromosomes from mother 
                            |
                            |
  Zygote with 46 chromosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What are diploids?

A

Body cells are diploid- they have 2 sets of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What are gametes?

A

Gametes are haploid- they have 1 set of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

The fusion of the nucleus of the two haploid gametes to produce diploid zygote.

The zygote then divides to form an embryo.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What is a fertilised egg cell called?

A

Zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Where does fertilisation?

A

It occurs in the oviduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What parts in a flower are there?

A 
Stigma 
Style 
Ovary 
Ovules 
Anther 
Filament 
Petal 
Sepal 
Stem
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What are the female sex cell in a plant?

A

Ovules which are produced in the ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What is the male sex cell in a plant?

A

Pollen and it is produced in the anther.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

How does fertilisation occur in plants?

A

Pollen grains need to be transferred from the anther to the stigma

This is called pollination

Then the pollen forms a pollen tube

Once on the stigma pollen grains form a pollen tube which grows down through the style until it reaches the ovary

Nucleus of the pollen grain travels down the pollen tube and fuses with an ovule

This causes fertilisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Why do children look similar to their parents?

A

Due to the passing of genetic information in the form of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What does combining genes from two parents do?

Why does this happen?

A

Contributes to the variation within a species.

This happens due to a new combination of genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What is discrete variation?

What is it controlled by?

A

A characteristic where measurements fall into distinct groups.

These characteristics are controlled by single gene inheritance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What is continuous variation?

What is it controlled by?

A

A characteristic which shows a range of values between a minimum and a maximum

These characteristics are controlled by polygenic inheritance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What does polygenic mean?

A

Several genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What are some examples of discrete variation?

A 
Ability to roll tongue 
Blood type 
Ear lobes 
Pea plant flower colour 
Maize grain colour 
Pea plant seed shape
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What are some examples of continuous variation?

A 
Height 
Body mass 
Index finger length 
Leaf length 
Tree height 
Shoot length
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Which type of variation is more common?

A

Most individuals phenotype are polygenic and show continuous variation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What is polygenic inheritance?

A

Several genes interact to determine one characteristic

84
Q

What are some examples of polygenic inheritance?

A

Skin colour
Height
Seed mass

85
Q

What are genes?

A

A gene is a section of DNA which controls the inherited characteristic of an organism.

86
Q

How many genes control a characteristic?

A

Two forms of a gene, each parent contributing one of the two forms

87
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different forms of the same gene

88
Q

What are some examples of genes?

A 
Blood group 
Flower colour 
Colour 
Seed colour 
Coat colour 
Seed shape
89
Q

What are some examples of alleles?

A 
A,B,AB or O (blood group) 
Purple or white (flower colour) 
Speckled or Melanie (flour on peppered moth) 
Yellow or purple (seed colour) 
Black or brown or golden (coat colour) 
Round or wrinkled (seed shape)
90
Q

If there are two alleles which one shows in our appearance?

A

A dominant allele will always show up in an individuals appearance.

A recessive allele is always hidden by s dominate allele unless it is paired with another recessive.

91
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The phenotype is the physical appearance of an organisms inherited characteristic.

92
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The set of alleles that are present in an organism.

93
Q

If the allele is dominate what is used?

A

A capital letter

94
Q

If the allele is recessive what is used?

A

A lower case letter

95
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

Both alleles are the same

96
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

Both alleles are different

97
Q

What are family trees?

A

A family tree can be used to find out individual phenotype and genotypes

98
Q

What term is used to describe individuals when they always pass on the same genotype (another name for homozygous)?

A

True breeding

99
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

A monohybrid cross looks at the inheritance patter of one gene through a number of generations

100
Q

What does P…F1…F2 mean?

A 
P= parents 
F1= first generation 
F2= second generation
101
Q

What happens when two opposing true breeding genotypes cross?

A

All the offspring will be heterozygous

102
Q

Why would the predicted ratio not always be observed?

A

The predicted ratio is not always observed as fertilisation is random or the sample size may not be big enough

103
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water —> glucose + oxygen

104
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place.

A

The leaf of the plant (in the chloroplast which is filled with chlorophyll)

105
Q

What are the plants organs?

A

Roots
Stems
Leaves

106
Q

What does a leaf need?

A

A way to transport water to the leaf and glucose to other parts of the plant.

A way to exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen

The ability to absorb light energy efficiently

107
Q

What are the structure of the leaf?

A 
Waxy cuticle 
Upper epidermis 
Palisade mesophyll 
Spongy mesophyll 
Vein 
Moist air space 
Stoma 
Guard cell 
Lower epidermis
108
Q

What is the function of the waxy cuticle?

A

Waterproof layer to prevent evaporation of water

109
Q

What is the function of the epidermis?

A

Protective layer transparent to let light through

110
Q

What is the function of the vein?

A

Contains xylem and phloem which control transport of water and sugar

111
Q

What is the function of the mesophyll cells?

A

Layers of green cells which take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen during photosynthesis

112
Q

What is the function of the moist air space?

A

Large moist area for carbon dioxide to dissolve before diffusion

113
Q

What is the function of the stomata?

A

Pore in lower leaf surface which allows entry of carbon dioxide

114
Q

What is the function of the guard cells?

A

Pair of cells surrounding stomata which control gas exchange

115
Q

How are substance transported in plants?

A

Through the phloem and xylem

116
Q

How is the structure of the phloem cell suited to its function?

A

Living
Cytoplasm is continuous due to the holes in the end plates (allows sugar to transport)
Sieve tunes lack a nucleus so are controlled by the companion cell

117
Q

What is the phloems function?

A

To transport sugar up and down the plant

118
Q

Why do plants need sugar?

A

Plants need sugar as a source of energy

119
Q

Where is sugar made in plants?

A

Sugar is the product of photosynthesis

It is transported in both an upwards and a downwards direction

120
Q

How is the structure of the xylem cell suited to its function?

A

Dead
Rings or spiral of lignin for support

Function is to transport water and minerals upwards

121
Q

What does lignin allow the xylem to do?

A

To withstand the pressure changes as water moves through the plant

122
Q

Why do plants need water?

A

Photosynthesis

Transporting materials e.g minerals

123
Q

Where does water move from in a plant?

A

The roots

124
Q

How does water enter the roots?

A

Through root hair cells by the process of osmosis

125
Q

What do root hairs increase?

A

The surface area which increase the absorption of water.

126
Q

Equation process of water transports in plants?

A

Root hairs absorb water

Water travels up xylem

Water arrives at the mesophyll cells (in the leaf) for photosynthesis

Water is lost through the leaves by transportation

127
Q

How is water lost from a leaf?

A

Transportation is the loss of water through leaves

128
Q

What factors effect the rate of transportation?

A

Wind speed
Humidity
Temperature
Surface of a leaf

129
Q

Water is lost by…what in the stomata?

What consoles the opening and closing of the stomata?

A

Evaporation

Guard cells

130
Q

What information do you need to know about guard cells?

A

Control opening and closing of stomata

Found on the lower epidermis

131
Q

Why does the opening and closing of the stoma occur?

A

They occur due to changes in turgor of the guard cells

132
Q

What substance are transported in the blood?

A

Blood transports nutrients, oxygen and carbon dioxide

133
Q

What are the nutrients the blood transports?

A

Glucose and amino acid

134
Q

What does the blood consist of?

A

Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells

135
Q

What is the main function of the red blood cell?

A

Transport oxygen around the body

136
Q

How are red blood cells suited to their function?

A

The are;

Biconcave
Contain haemoglobin
Have no nucleus

137
Q

Biconcave does what exactly?

A

Increase the surface area of the red blood cell

138
Q

The red blood cell having no nucleus does what exactly?

A

Helps it transport more oxygen

139
Q

Why does the red blood cell contain haemoglobin?

A

To carry oxygen

140
Q

How is oxygen transported around the body?

A

Haemoglobin combines with oxygen when the concentration of oxygen is high. This happens in the lungs.

141
Q

What does haemoglobin + oxygen form?

A

Oxyhemoglobin which is bright red

142
Q

Equation for haemoglobin and oxygen?

A

Haemoglobin + oxygen —> oxyhemoglobin

143
Q

What does haemoglobin releases when oxygen concentration is low?

A

It releases oxygen, this happens in the respiring tissue

144
Q

What happens when oxyhemoglobin disassociates?

A

It forms oxygen and haemoglobin which is dark red in colour.

The oxygen diffuses into the cells

145
Q

The equation of oxyhemoglobin disassociating?

A

Oxyhemoglobin—> haemoglobin + oxygen

146
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

White blood cells are part of the immune system, they are involved in destroying pathogens.

147
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Diseases-causing micro-organisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi

148
Q

What are the two main types of cells involved in destroying pathogens?

A

Phagocytes and lymphocytes

149
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

Carry out phagocytosis by engulfing pathogens

150
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Some lymphocytes produce antibodies which produce pathogens.

Each antibody is specific to a particular pathogen.

151
Q

What are the three blood vessels?

A

Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

152
Q

The function of arteries?

A

Carry blood under high pressure away from the heart

153
Q

What are the features of the arteries?

A

Thick, muscular wall

Narrow central channel

154
Q

What is our pulse?

A

Blood being pushed into the arteries by the heart casusing the arteries to swell

155
Q

Functions of the vein?

A

Carry blood under low pressure back towards the heart

156
Q

What are the features of vein?

A

Wider central channel
Thin muscular wall
Valve to prevent back flow of blood

157
Q

What is the function of the capillaries?

A

The exchange of materials occurs.

158
Q

What does the capillaries structure make it easier to do?

A

Easier for substances to pass between the blood and body cells.

159
Q

What are the features of the capillaries?

A

Small cavity

Thin walled

160
Q

What do capillaries form?

A

Networks at tissues and organs

161
Q

Why do capillaries form networks?

A

To allow efficient exchange of materials at a cellular level

162
Q

What feature do network capillaries have?

A

Large surface area

163
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

To pump blood around the body

164
Q

What is the heart made of?

A

Muscle

165
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

4 chambers

166
Q

Why does the heart have valves?

A

To prevent back flow of blood

167
Q

On the right side of the heart there is?

A

The superior vena cava

Pulmonary artery

Right atrium

Right ventricle

Inferior vena cava

168
Q

On the left side of the heart there is?

A

Aorta

Pulmonary vein

Left atrium

Left ventricle

169
Q

The right side of the heart has what valves?

A

Atrioventricular valves (AV)

Tricuspid valve

Mitral valve

170
Q

The left side of the heart has what valves?

A

Semilunar valves (SL)

Pulmonary valve

Aortic valve

171
Q

Why is the left ventricle wall thicker than the right ventricle?

A

Because the left side of the heart pumps blood around the entire body.

172
Q

Where does oxygenated blood return from?

A

The lungs and contain high concentration of oxygen

173
Q

Where does deoxygenated blood return form?

A

The body and contains a low concentration of oxygen

174
Q

Where does the right ventricle pump blood too?

A

The lungs

175
Q

What is the function of the coronary artery?

A

Supplies the heart with oxygenated blood

176
Q

What happens if the coronary artery becomes blocked?

A

Blood flow is prevented and a heart attack will occur.

177
Q

What are the lungs?

A

Are gas exchange organs

178
Q

What are the parts of the respiratory?

A 
Trachea 
Lungs 
Bronchi 
Bronchi (bronchus singular) 
Bronchioles 
Alveoli (air sacs) 
Blood capillaries
179
Q

Describe the passage of oxygen into our body?

A

Air enters mouth/nose

Air moves down trachea

Air moves through bronchus

Air moves through bronchioles

Air enters alveoli

Oxygen moves into blood and carried around the body in the bloodstream where it will enter the body cells

180
Q

What do our cells use oxygen for?

A

Oxygen and nutrients must be absorbed into the bloodstream to be delivered to cells for respiration.

181
Q

Which gas is a product of respiration?

A

Carbon dioxide must be removed form cells into the bloodstream

182
Q

Describe the passage of carbon dioxide out of our body?

A

Carbon dioxide moves from body cells into blood stream to be carried to the lungs

Carbon dioxide enters alveoli

Carbon dioxide moves up though the bronchioles

Carbon dioxide moves up through the bronchus

Carbon dioxide moves up the trachea

Carbon dioxide exists nose/mouth

183
Q

Why do lungs have rings of cartilage?

A

Rings of cartilage keep the main airways open

184
Q

Where in the lungs does gas exchange occur?

A

In alveoli

185
Q

What does large number of alveoli provide?

A

Large surface area for the exchange of gases

186
Q

What happens in the alveoli with oxygen and carbon dioxide?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged at the alveoli

Oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood capillaries

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood capillaries to the lungs.

187
Q

How are the alveoli specialised to allow the efficient exchange of gases?

A

Large surface area

Thin walls

Extensive blood supply

Short distance

188
Q

Why do the alveoli have a large surface area?

A

To allow as much gas exchange as possible

189
Q

Why do the alveoli have thin walls?

A

To allow quick diffusion of gases

190
Q

Why do the alveoli have an extensive blood supply?

A

To transport the materials to and from the alveoli

191
Q

Why do the alveoli have a short distance from the blood capillary?

A

To allow fast diffusion of gases

192
Q

What are the three main food groups and what are they broken down into?

A

Carbon dioxide- glucose

Protein- amino acids

Fats- fatty acids glycerol

193
Q

What is digestion?

A

The break down of large insoluble food molecules into small soluble molecules by digestive enzymes

194
Q

What is the bodies digestive system?

A

Alimentary canal (gut)

195
Q

What are some of the structures found in the digestive system?

A

Mouth- teeth and silvery glands

Oesophagus

Stomach

Liver

Gall bladder

Pancreas

Small intestine

Large intestine

Appendix

Rectum

Anus

196
Q

What structure in the digestive system absorbs the products of digestion?

A

Nutrients from food are absorbed in the small intestine.

197
Q

What does the small intestine consist of?

A

Projections called villi

198
Q

What does the large number of thin walled villi provide?

A

Large surface area

199
Q

How are the villi specialised to allow efficient absorption of molecules?

A

Large surface area

Thin walls

Extensive blood supply

200
Q

Why do the villi have large surface area?

A

To allow as much absorption as possible

201
Q

Why do villi have thin walls?

A

To allow the quick absorption of nutrients

202
Q

Why do villi have a extensive blood supply?

A

To transport glucose and amino acids around the body

203
Q

What does lacteal absorb?

A

Absorb fatty acids and glycerol

204
Q

What do blood vessels in the villi do?

A

Absorb glucose and amino acids

205
Q

What features do the small intestine have in common with alveoli?

A

They both have;

Large surface area

Thin walls

Extensive blood supply

Which increase the efficiency of absorption

Biology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions