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Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are cells?

A

Cells are the basic units of life

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2
Q

What are in animal cells?

A 
Cytoplasm 
Ribosome 
Cell membrane 
Mitochondria 
Nucleus
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3
Q

What are in plant cells?

A 
Cytoplasm 
Ribosome
Cell membrane 
Mitochondria 
Nucleus 
Cell wall 
Vacuole 
Chloroplast
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4
Q

What are in fungi cells?

A 
Cytoplasm 
Ribosome 
Cell membrane 
Mitochondria 
Nucleus 
Cell wall 
Vacuole
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5
Q

What are in bacteria cells?

A 
Cytoplasm 
Ribosome 
Cell membrane 
Cell wall 
Plasmid
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6
Q

What do all cell types have in common with cell structure?

A

Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Cell membrane

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7
Q

Are the cell walls of plants, fungus and bacteria the same?

A

Plant cell walks are composed of cellulose

While the structure of a bacterium and fungal cell are made of different material.

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8
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Controls the passage of substance into and out of cell

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9
Q

What is the cell membrane mad up of?

A

Proteins and phospholipid molecules

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10
Q

What function does the cell membrane have?

A

The cell membrane is selectively permeable due to it containing tiny pores.

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11
Q

What molecules are able to pass through the cell membrane?

A

Small molecules like oxygen but large molecules can not pass.

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12
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion in the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from a higher to a lower concentration.

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13
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a higher water concentration to a lower water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.

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14
Q

What happens to animal cells when put in high water concentration?

A

It bursts

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15
Q

What happens to animal cells when in low water concentration?

A

It shrinks

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16
Q

What happens to a plant cell when put in high water concentration?

A

It turns turgid

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17
Q

What happens when a plant cell is put in low water concentration?

A

It plasmolysed

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18
Q

Why do animal cells burst but plant cells become turgid?

A

The presence of the cell wall that prevents plant cells from bursting

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19
Q

What does the word passive transport mean?

A

Passive transport is the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient and does not require energy.

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20
Q

What does the word active transport mean?

A

Active transport is the movement of molecules and ions against a concentration gradient (low to high). Energy is required.

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21
Q

Why does active transport require energy?

A

Energy is needed to make carries proteins move against the concentration gradient. The cells were active transport occurs contain large numbers of mitochondria.

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22
Q

What are some examples of active transport?

A

The sodium- potassium pump in nerve cells
Iodine uptake by seaweed
Mineral uptake by plant root hair cells

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23
Q

What type of transport is diffusion and osmosis?

A

Passive transport

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24
Q

What is DNA?

A

DNA is the building block for life

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25
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonuleic acid
26
What is the function of DNA?
It carries the genetic information for making proteins.
27
What is the structure of DNA?
Double stranded helix which contains a chain of bases.
28
What are the four bases?
Adenine, Thymine, cytosine and guanine
29
What is the base pair rule?
A(denine)-T(hymine) C(ytosine)- G(uanine)
30
Why is the sequence of bases in DNA important?
Sequence of bases determines amino acid sequence in proteins
31
What is a gene?
A gene is a section of DNA which codes for a protein
32
Where in the cell are proteins made?
The ribosome
33
What transfer the base pairs to form amino acids which then form proteins?
Messenger RNA carries a complementary copy of the code from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome were the protein is assembled.
34
What are chromosomes made up of?
Made up of genes
35
What do genes code for?
Each gene codes for a specific protein
36
What is a gene?
A gene is a short section of DNA
37
How can genetic information be transferred from one cell to another?
Genetic information can be transferred by genetic engineering.
38
How can DNA be transferred?
By bacterial plasmids or viruses
39
What is genetic engineering?
Transfer of DNA from one organism to another. Organisms are genetically modified to give them a new combination of genes, that makes it useful.
40
What type of cell is used in genetic engineering?
Bacterial cells are used due to the presence of the circular chromosome and plasmid.
41
What is a vector?
A vector is used to transfer genetic material from a donor to recipient.
42
What is need throughout genetic engineering?
Enzymes are required throughout.
43
What is one enzyme used to do in the first stage of genetics engineering?
One enzyme is used like scissors to cut out desired gene.
44
What does the second enzyme do in genetic engineering?
The other enzyme is used like glue to seal the required gene.
45
What is respiration?
The process by which chemical energy stored in glucose is released
46
Where does glucose come from?
Our food, it is our main source of energy.
47
How does respiration occur?
By a series of enzyme-controlled
48
What is energy?
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy rich chemical compound used in respiration.
49
How is ATP made?
By one adenosine and three inorganic phosphate (Pi)
50
How is adenosine diphosphate made?
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is made of one adenosine and two inorganic phosphate (Pi) group
51
How is the energy in ATP releases?
Energy in ATP can be released by breaking it down into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate.
52
How is ATP formed?
When a molecule of ADP joins with inorganic phosphate molecule. This reaction requires energy
53
Where does the energy to make ATP come from?
Energy released from the breakdown of glucose is used to generate ATP.
54
When can ATP be regenerated?
During respiration.
55
What cell processes use ATP?
Muscle cell contraction Cell division (growth and repair) Passing of nerve impulses Protein synthesis
56
What is aerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration is the process of releasing energy from glucose into the presence of oxygen.
57
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
Oxygen + glucose —> carbon + water | dioxide
58
What is the first stage of aerobic respiration?
Glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules The process yields 2 molecules of ATP Does not require oxygen It is controlled by enzymes Take place in the cytoplasm
59
What is stage 2 of aerobic respiration?
Pyruvate is broken down to carbon dioxide and water This process yields 36 molecules of ATP Requires oxygen Is controlled by enzymes Takes place in the mitochondria
60
How many molecules of ATP are produced from each molecule of glucose by aerobic respiration?
Stage 1- 2ATP Stage - 36ATP All together 38 molecules of ATP
61
Where in the cell does aerobic respiration take place?
Starts in the cytoplasm and is completed in the mitochondria
62
What cells are aerobic respiration used for?
``` Muscle cell Companion cell Sperm cell Nerve cell Muscle cell ```
63
What doe muscle, companion, sperm and neuron have high number of?
Mitochondria as they need a lot of energy.
64
How would the rate of respiration be measured?
Respirometers can be used to measure the rate of respiration.
65
What happens in animal, plants and yeast cells if no oxygen is available for aerobic respiration?
In the absence of oxygen, the fermentation pathway takes place.
66
What is the happens in the fermentation of plant and yeast cells?
Glucose broken down into pyruvate and then ethanol and carbon dioxide This process yields 2 molecules of ATP Happens when oxygen is absent Entire process is completed in the cytoplasm The process is irreversible- carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cell
67
What happens in fermentation in animal cells?
Glucose is broken down into pyruvate then lactate This process yields 2 motif ATP This happens when oxygen is absent Entire process is completed in the cytoplasm Process is reversible
68
What is the equation for fermentation in years and plant cells?
Glucose —> Ethanol + carbon dioxide
69
What is the equation for the fermentation of animal cells?
Glucose —> lactate
70
What are proteins made from?
Proteins are made from chains of amino acids.
71
How many different types of amino acids are there?
20
72
How can different proteins be formed?
Each Protein varies in shape and function due to different sequences of amino acids
73
What are some types of proteins?
``` Hormone Structural Enzymes Antibodies Receptors ```
74
What is the function of hormones?
Chemical messengers between cells
75
What is the function of structural?
Provide structural support to cells and tissues
76
What are the functions of enzymes?
Catalyse chemical reactions
77
What is the function of antibodies?
Bind to foreign bodies to help prevent infection
78
What is the function of receptors?
Receive information from the internal and external environment
79
What are some examples of hormones, structural, enzymes, antibodies and receptors?
Hormone- insulin, growth hormone Structural- keratin, collagen Enzymes- amylase, Catalan Antibodies- IgA, IgG Receptors- Sensory, pain
80
What is a catalyst?
Chemical that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction and remains unchanged.
81
What is an enzyme?
A biological catalyst, that speed up cellular reaction and remain unchanged.
82
How do enzymes work?
The substance upon which an enzyme acts is called the substrate. The substance produced as a result of the reaction is called the product(s).
83
What are the two types of reactions an enzyme is involved in?
Degradation reactions Synthesis reactions
84
What is the degradation reaction?
enzymes involved in the breakdown of large molecules to small molecules
85
What is the synthesis reaction?
Enzymes involved in building up small molecules to large molecules.
86
How do you know when an experiment is valid?
One independent variable is altered, to make sure the experiment is fair test all other variables.
87
Can one enzyme catalyse different reactions?
Enzymes are specific because different enzymes have different shaped active sites, due to the shape of the active site of the enzyme being complementary to its specific substrate(s).
88
What is the active site?
The active site is where the enzyme and substrate bind together.
89
What could change how well an enzyme works?
Temperature and pH The temperature and pH at which an enzyme is most active is called the optimum.
90
How does the pH effect the enzyme?
Enzyme is most active at a particular pH which relates to the conditions in which it normally operates
91
What effects does temperature have on enzyme activity?
At low temperature enzymes work slowly.
92
What is the optimum temperature for enzymes?
37 degrees
93
What happens to the enzyme at high temperatures?
The enzyme no longer active as it becomes denatured. This is due to change in the shape of the active site This process is irreversible
94
What is the type of reaction, substrate and product for catalase?
Type of reaction- Degradation Substrate- hydrogen peroxide Product- water and oxygen
95
What is the type of reaction, substrate and product for phosphorylase?
Type of reaction- synthesis Substrate- glucose-1- phosphate Product- starch
96
What is the type of reaction, substrate and product for pepsin?
Type of reaction- Degradation Substrate- protein Product- polypeptides
97
What is the type of reaction, substrate and product for catalase?
Type of reaction- Degradation Substrate- starch Product- glucose

Biology (4 decks)

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