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Cell Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are cells?

A

Cells are the basic units of life

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2
Q

What are in animal cells?

A 
Cytoplasm 
Ribosome 
Cell membrane 
Mitochondria 
Nucleus
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3
Q

What are in plant cells?

A 
Cytoplasm 
Ribosome
Cell membrane 
Mitochondria 
Nucleus 
Cell wall 
Vacuole 
Chloroplast
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4
Q

What are in fungi cells?

A 
Cytoplasm 
Ribosome 
Cell membrane 
Mitochondria 
Nucleus 
Cell wall 
Vacuole
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5
Q

What are in bacteria cells?

A 
Cytoplasm 
Ribosome 
Cell membrane 
Cell wall 
Plasmid
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6
Q

What do all cell types have in common with cell structure?

A

Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Cell membrane

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7
Q

Are the cell walls of plants, fungus and bacteria the same?

A

Plant cell walks are composed of cellulose

While the structure of a bacterium and fungal cell are made of different material.

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8
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Controls the passage of substance into and out of cell

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9
Q

What is the cell membrane mad up of?

A

Proteins and phospholipid molecules

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10
Q

What function does the cell membrane have?

A

The cell membrane is selectively permeable due to it containing tiny pores.

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11
Q

What molecules are able to pass through the cell membrane?

A

Small molecules like oxygen but large molecules can not pass.

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12
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion in the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from a higher to a lower concentration.

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13
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a higher water concentration to a lower water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.

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14
Q

What happens to animal cells when put in high water concentration?

A

It bursts

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15
Q

What happens to animal cells when in low water concentration?

A

It shrinks

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16
Q

What happens to a plant cell when put in high water concentration?

A

It turns turgid

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17
Q

What happens when a plant cell is put in low water concentration?

A

It plasmolysed

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18
Q

Why do animal cells burst but plant cells become turgid?

A

The presence of the cell wall that prevents plant cells from bursting

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19
Q

What does the word passive transport mean?

A

Passive transport is the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient and does not require energy.

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20
Q

What does the word active transport mean?

A

Active transport is the movement of molecules and ions against a concentration gradient (low to high). Energy is required.

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21
Q

Why does active transport require energy?

A

Energy is needed to make carries proteins move against the concentration gradient. The cells were active transport occurs contain large numbers of mitochondria.

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22
Q

What are some examples of active transport?

A

The sodium- potassium pump in nerve cells
Iodine uptake by seaweed
Mineral uptake by plant root hair cells

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23
Q

What type of transport is diffusion and osmosis?

A

Passive transport

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24
Q

What is DNA?

A

DNA is the building block for life

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25
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonuleic acid

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26
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

It carries the genetic information for making proteins.

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27
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double stranded helix which contains a chain of bases.

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28
Q

What are the four bases?

A

Adenine, Thymine, cytosine and guanine

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29
Q

What is the base pair rule?

A

A(denine)-T(hymine)

C(ytosine)- G(uanine)

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30
Q

Why is the sequence of bases in DNA important?

A

Sequence of bases determines amino acid sequence in proteins

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31
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene is a section of DNA which codes for a protein

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32
Q

Where in the cell are proteins made?

A

The ribosome

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33
Q

What transfer the base pairs to form amino acids which then form proteins?

A

Messenger RNA carries a complementary copy of the code from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome were the protein is assembled.

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34
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

Made up of genes

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35
Q

What do genes code for?

A

Each gene codes for a specific protein

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36
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene is a short section of DNA

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37
Q

How can genetic information be transferred from one cell to another?

A

Genetic information can be transferred by genetic engineering.

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38
Q

How can DNA be transferred?

A

By bacterial plasmids or viruses

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39
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Transfer of DNA from one organism to another.

Organisms are genetically modified to give them a new combination of genes, that makes it useful.

40
Q

What type of cell is used in genetic engineering?

A

Bacterial cells are used due to the presence of the circular chromosome and plasmid.

41
Q

What is a vector?

A

A vector is used to transfer genetic material from a donor to recipient.

42
Q

What is need throughout genetic engineering?

A

Enzymes are required throughout.

43
Q

What is one enzyme used to do in the first stage of genetics engineering?

A

One enzyme is used like scissors to cut out desired gene.

44
Q

What does the second enzyme do in genetic engineering?

A

The other enzyme is used like glue to seal the required gene.

45
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process by which chemical energy stored in glucose is released

46
Q

Where does glucose come from?

A

Our food, it is our main source of energy.

47
Q

How does respiration occur?

A

By a series of enzyme-controlled

48
Q

What is energy?

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy rich chemical compound used in respiration.

49
Q

How is ATP made?

A

By one adenosine and three inorganic phosphate (Pi)

50
Q

How is adenosine diphosphate made?

A

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is made of one adenosine and two inorganic phosphate (Pi) group

51
Q

How is the energy in ATP releases?

A

Energy in ATP can be released by breaking it down into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate.

52
Q

How is ATP formed?

A

When a molecule of ADP joins with inorganic phosphate molecule. This reaction requires energy

53
Q

Where does the energy to make ATP come from?

A

Energy released from the breakdown of glucose is used to generate ATP.

54
Q

When can ATP be regenerated?

A

During respiration.

55
Q

What cell processes use ATP?

A

Muscle cell contraction
Cell division (growth and repair)
Passing of nerve impulses
Protein synthesis

56
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration is the process of releasing energy from glucose into the presence of oxygen.

57
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen + glucose —> carbon + water

dioxide

58
Q

What is the first stage of aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules

The process yields 2 molecules of ATP

Does not require oxygen

It is controlled by enzymes

Take place in the cytoplasm

59
Q

What is stage 2 of aerobic respiration?

A

Pyruvate is broken down to carbon dioxide and water

This process yields 36 molecules of ATP

Requires oxygen

Is controlled by enzymes

Takes place in the mitochondria

60
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced from each molecule of glucose by aerobic respiration?

A

Stage 1- 2ATP

Stage - 36ATP

All together 38 molecules of ATP

61
Q

Where in the cell does aerobic respiration take place?

A

Starts in the cytoplasm and is completed in the mitochondria

62
Q

What cells are aerobic respiration used for?

A 
Muscle cell 
Companion cell 
Sperm cell 
Nerve cell 
Muscle cell
63
Q

What doe muscle, companion, sperm and neuron have high number of?

A

Mitochondria as they need a lot of energy.

64
Q

How would the rate of respiration be measured?

A

Respirometers can be used to measure the rate of respiration.

65
Q

What happens in animal, plants and yeast cells if no oxygen is available for aerobic respiration?

A

In the absence of oxygen, the fermentation pathway takes place.

66
Q

What is the happens in the fermentation of plant and yeast cells?

A

Glucose broken down into pyruvate and then ethanol and carbon dioxide

This process yields 2 molecules of ATP

Happens when oxygen is absent

Entire process is completed in the cytoplasm

The process is irreversible- carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cell

67
Q

What happens in fermentation in animal cells?

A

Glucose is broken down into pyruvate then lactate

This process yields 2 motif ATP

This happens when oxygen is absent

Entire process is completed in the cytoplasm

Process is reversible

68
Q

What is the equation for fermentation in years and plant cells?

A

Glucose —> Ethanol + carbon dioxide

69
Q

What is the equation for the fermentation of animal cells?

A

Glucose —> lactate

70
Q

What are proteins made from?

A

Proteins are made from chains of amino acids.

71
Q

How many different types of amino acids are there?

A

20

72
Q

How can different proteins be formed?

A

Each Protein varies in shape and function due to different sequences of amino acids

73
Q

What are some types of proteins?

A 
Hormone 
Structural 
Enzymes 
Antibodies 
Receptors
74
Q

What is the function of hormones?

A

Chemical messengers between cells

75
Q

What is the function of structural?

A

Provide structural support to cells and tissues

76
Q

What are the functions of enzymes?

A

Catalyse chemical reactions

77
Q

What is the function of antibodies?

A

Bind to foreign bodies to help prevent infection

78
Q

What is the function of receptors?

A

Receive information from the internal and external environment

79
Q

What are some examples of hormones, structural, enzymes, antibodies and receptors?

A

Hormone- insulin, growth hormone

Structural- keratin, collagen

Enzymes- amylase, Catalan

Antibodies- IgA, IgG

Receptors- Sensory, pain

80
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

Chemical that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction and remains unchanged.

81
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst, that speed up cellular reaction and remain unchanged.

82
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

The substance upon which an enzyme acts is called the substrate.

The substance produced as a result of the reaction is called the product(s).

83
Q

What are the two types of reactions an enzyme is involved in?

A

Degradation reactions

Synthesis reactions

84
Q

What is the degradation reaction?

A

enzymes involved in the breakdown of large molecules to small molecules

85
Q

What is the synthesis reaction?

A

Enzymes involved in building up small molecules to large molecules.

86
Q

How do you know when an experiment is valid?

A

One independent variable is altered, to make sure the experiment is fair test all other variables.

87
Q

Can one enzyme catalyse different reactions?

A

Enzymes are specific because different enzymes have different shaped active sites, due to the shape of the active site of the enzyme being complementary to its specific substrate(s).

88
Q

What is the active site?

A

The active site is where the enzyme and substrate bind together.

89
Q

What could change how well an enzyme works?

A

Temperature and pH

The temperature and pH at which an enzyme is most active is called the optimum.

90
Q

How does the pH effect the enzyme?

A

Enzyme is most active at a particular pH which relates to the conditions in which it normally operates

91
Q

What effects does temperature have on enzyme activity?

A

At low temperature enzymes work slowly.

92
Q

What is the optimum temperature for enzymes?

A

37 degrees

93
Q

What happens to the enzyme at high temperatures?

A

The enzyme no longer active as it becomes denatured.

This is due to change in the shape of the active site

This process is irreversible

94
Q

What is the type of reaction, substrate and product for catalase?

A

Type of reaction- Degradation

Substrate- hydrogen peroxide

Product- water and oxygen

95
Q

What is the type of reaction, substrate and product for phosphorylase?

A

Type of reaction- synthesis

Substrate- glucose-1- phosphate

Product- starch

96
Q

What is the type of reaction, substrate and product for pepsin?

A

Type of reaction- Degradation

Substrate- protein

Product- polypeptides

97
Q

What is the type of reaction, substrate and product for catalase?

A

Type of reaction- Degradation

Substrate- starch

Product- glucose

Biology (4 decks)

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