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biology > multicellular organisms > Flashcards

multicellular organisms Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are stems cells?

A

stem cells are unspecialised animal cells which can divide to self renew or divide into different types of specialised cells

essential for growth and repair

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2
Q

what are the two sources of stem cells?

A

embryonic stem cells are obtained from very early stage embryos

tissue stem cells are found in the body throughout life

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3
Q

how are new cells produced?

A

mitosis/ cell division. provides new cells for growth and repair of damaged cells

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4
Q

what are replicated chromosomes called?

A

chromatids

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5
Q

stages of mitosis:

A

chromosomes become visible and replicate

identical copies now shorten and thicken into chromatids

Chromatids line up along the equator and the spindle fibres attach

spindle fibres shorten pulling the chromatids to opposite poles

nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes

cytoplasm divides and the cells spits into two identical daughter cells containing the same amount of chromosomes, same chromosome compliment

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6
Q

what is the function of a tail on a sperm cell?

A

allows movement to swim to the egg

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7
Q

what does the nervous system consist of?

A

central nervous system and other nerves

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8
Q

what is the CNS composed of?

A

the brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

what does the cerebrum do?

A

controls memory and emotions

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10
Q

what does the cerebellum do?

A

controls balance and movement

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11
Q

what does the medulla do?

A

controls heart rate and breathing rate

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12
Q

what does the sensory neuron do?

A

passes information from sensory receptors to the CNS. Receptors are located in the sense organs.

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13
Q

what is the function of the inter neuron?

A

located in the CNS, they process information coming from sensory neurons and pass on information to motor neurons

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14
Q

what is the function of the motor neuron?

A

passes information from the CNS to the effectors. Effectors could be muscles or glands that enable a response

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15
Q

what is an effector?

A

An effector is part of the body that produces the response.

either rapid responses in muscles or slow responses in glands

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16
Q

what are synapses?

A

electrical impulses carry messages along neurons. Neurons are separated by gaps called synapses

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17
Q

what happens at the synapse?

A

chemicals are released which transfer these messages between neurons

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18
Q

what are reflex actions?

A

reflex occur to protect the body from harm. The circuit of the neurons that act to produce a reflex are called a reflex arc

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19
Q

explain the neural pathway.

A

hand touches a hot plate and the high temperature stimulates a pain receptor in the skin

An electrical impulse is transmitted from the sensory receptor along the sensory neuron

the electrical impulses reach the end of the sensory neuron. Chemical messengers are released across the synapse and trigger an electrical impulse in the inter neuron

the electrical impulse travels to the end of the inter neuron. chemical messengers are released across the synapse and trigger an electrical impulse in the motor neuron

the electrical impulse is transmitted along the motor neuron. it reaches the end of the motor neuron and chemicals are released across the synapse to the muscle.

this causes the muscle to contract and the hand pulls away from the hot object

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20
Q

what are hormones?

A

chemical messengers which travel through the bloodstream.

21
Q

where are hormones released?

A

endocrine glands

22
Q

explain how hormones travel

A

hormones are released from an organ in the endocrine system

hormones travel through bloodstream

target tissue has a complimentary receptor for a specific hormone

23
Q

explain blood glucose control.

A

after a meal, blood glucose increases, the pancreas then detects this change and releases glucagon, the liver then converts glucose into glucagon. when it’s time to eat again the blood glucose decreases

24
Q

nervous control

type of message:
speed:
length:
type of transmission:
body system:

A

electrical
rapid
short
neurons
nervous

25
Q

hormonal control

type of message:
speed:
length:
type of transmission:
body system:

A

chemical
slow
long
blood
endocrine

26
Q

what are body cells?

A

diploid, they have two sets of chromosomes

27
Q

what are gametes?

A

haploid they have one set of chromosomes

gametes are the sperm and egg cell

28
Q

sperm cell:

size
numbers released

A

small
millions

29
Q

egg cell:
size
numbers released

A

large
one

30
Q

where is sperm produced?

A

testes

31
Q

where is the egg produced?

A

the ovary

32
Q

where is the site of fertilisation?

A

oviduct

33
Q

what is fertilisation?

A

the fusion of the nuclei of the two haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote.

34
Q

what is a zygote?

A

fertilised egg cell which divides to form an embryo

35
Q

what are the male and female gametes in a plant?

A

pollen
ovules

36
Q

where is pollen produced?

A

anther

37
Q

where are ovules produced?

A

ovary

38
Q

what is pollination?

A

the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma

39
Q

what are the two types of variation?

A

Discrete and continuous

40
Q

what is discrete variation?

A

characteristic where measurement fall into distinct group

41
Q

what is continuous variation?

A

a characteristic with a range of values between minimum and maximum

42
Q

what are examples of discrete variation?

A

blood group
finger print
writing hand
petal colour

43
Q

what are examples of continuous variation?

A

height
lead span
body mass

44
Q

what are alleles?

A

two different forms of a gene

45
Q

what does a gene do?

A

controls inherited characteristics

46
Q

what are recessive allele?

A

low case letters are used to present recessive alleles

this will only show up in the individuals appearance if two copies are present

47
Q

what is a dominant allele?

A

this will always be shown in an individuals characteristics.

capital letters are used to represent dominant alleles

48
Q

what is homozygous?

A

same alleles BB or bb

49
Q

what is heterozygous?

A

different alleles Bb

biology (5 decks)

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