multi store model Flashcards
who proposed the multi store model?
atkinson and shiffrin (1968)
what are the 3 stores of the multi store model?
sensory register
short term memory
long term memory
outline the multi store model of memory
a linear model consisting of unitary stores. depicts how memory flows from the first instance of seeing something to permanently remembering it
model suggests stimuli enters through the sensory register, and if we pay attention it will enter stm. if we then rehearse this it can enter our ltm
what are the 3 methods of forgetting?
displacement
decay
interference
what is meant by displacement?
other memories taking the original memories place due to a limited capacity
what is meant by decay?
losing a memory because it is not used
what is meant by interference?
other memories being recalled instead of desired memory
what is the capacity of the sensory register?
large
how long is the duration of the sensory register?
0.5-2 seconds
how is information encoded in the sensory register?
iconic , school or haptic
how does forgetting occur in the sensory register?
unknown
what is the capacity of the short term memory?
7 +/ - 2
5-9 chunks
what is the duration of short term memory?
up to 30 seconds without rehearsal
(peterson and peterson , 1959)
how is information encoded in the short term memory?
mainly acoustic (baddeley, 1966)
how does forgetting occur in the short term memory?
displacement
what is the capacity of the long term memory?
limitless
what is the duration of long term memory?
limitless but subject to decay
(bahrick, 1975)
how is information encoded in long term memory?
mainly semantic (baddeley , 1966)
how does forgetting occur in long term memory?
decay and interference
who researched into the sensory register?
sperling (1960)
what was sperling’s aim?
to find the existence of sensory memory
what was sperling’s procedure?
using a chart, p’s asked to look at chart for 50 milliseconds and then asked to recall how many letters they could remember. then got p’s to recall single rows of letters when particular tones were heard
what were sperling’s results?
First instance, participants could remember 4/5 letters although they were aware of more. second instance, p’s recalled 3 items on average
what was sperling’s conclusion?
that the image of each item fades during the 50 milliseconds and the time it takes to report back recalled items
who researched into the capacity of stm?
jacobs (1887) miller (1956)
what was jacobs’ and miller’s aim?
to find out capacity of stm
what was jacobs’ and miller’s procedure?
p’s given a series of words, digits etc and instructed to recall immediately and accurately in the correct order. as the test longer the list gets harder
what were jacobs’ and miller’s results?
participants could remember lists up to the limit of 9’items with the average being 7 and the lower boundary being 5
what was jacobs’ and miller’s conclusion?
short term memory must have a conclusion of 5-9 chunks
who researched into encoding of stm?
baddeley (1966)
what was baddeley’s (1966) aim? (STM/LTM)
to investigate encoding style of stm / ltm
what was baddeley’s (1966) procedure (STM/LTM)
p’s shown a random sequence of 5 words from one of four categories
acoustically similar
acoustically dissimilar
semantically similar
semantically dissimilar
p’s asked to write lists down 20 seconds later
what was baddeley’s (1966) results? (STM)
following recall percentages
AS - 10%
AD - 80%
SS - 64%
SD - 71%
p’s confused acoustically similar words compared to other words which suggested the must be represented acoustically
what was baddeley’s (1966) conclusion (STM)
In the stm we convert visual information into an acoustic code and find it difficult to distinguish between info that sounds the same
who researched into duration of stm?
peterson and peterson (1959)
what was peterson and peterson’s aim?
to investigate duration of stm
what was peterson and peterson’s procedure?
asked p’s to remember nonsense trigram
gave p’s a distractor task to prevent recall e.g counting back from 100
tested recall after 3,6,9,12,15 seconds for perfect recall
what were peterson and peterson’s results?
after 3 seconds p’s could recall around 80% of trigrams correctly. after 18 seconds only 10% recalled correctly
what was peterson and peterson’s conclusion?
when rehearsal is prevented, very little can stay in stm for longer than 18 seconds
