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I. Ocular Physiology > Müller Glia Physiology (F) > Flashcards

Müller Glia Physiology (F) Flashcards

1
Q

What cover virtually all the capillary walls in the retina to provide structural and metabolic support to retinal neurons and the inner blood–retinal barrier?

A

end-feet of Müller cells

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2
Q

What do Muller cells secrete that enhance barrier function of endothelial cells?

A

Thrombospondin-1 and GDNF

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3
Q

What do Muller cells store for the use of energy?

A

glycogen

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4
Q

What do Muller cells convert glucose into?

A

lactate

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5
Q

What are the functions that lactate can have in the eye?

A
  1. Lactate dehydrogenase converts lactate back to pyruvate for use in oxidative phosphorylation in photoreceptors
  2. mediates vasodilation of retinal capillaries
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6
Q

What do Muller cells produce that will cause an increase in vascular permeability and metalloproteinase (MMP) expression which breaks down tight junctions? 1. When does it release this? 2

A
  1. VEGF

2. hypoxic conditions

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7
Q

What is thought to be the reason why neovasculature occurs toward vitreous and not within retina during diabetic retinopathy?

A

Muller cells also provide an anti-proliferative effect of endothelial cells by secreting anti-angiogenic factors

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8
Q

What is thought to be the reason why neovasculature occurs toward vitreous and not within retina during diabetic retinopathy?

A

Muller cells also provide an anti-proliferative effect of endothelial cells by secreting anti-angiogenic factors

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9
Q

What are the functions of glutamate uptake in Muller cells?

A
  1. Prevents lateral spread of glutamate signal to neighboring synapses
  2. Modifies the synaptic response
  3. Prevents glutamate induced neurotoxicity
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10
Q

What transports glutamate into Muller cells? 1. What is imported and exported? 2

A
  1. GLAST

2. Brings in 3 Na+, 1 H+, and 1 Glutamate anion in exchange for 1 K+ ion

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11
Q

What is used to convert glutamate into glutamine?

A

glutamine synthase, ATP, and NH4+

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12
Q

What is used and what is the byproduct of turning glutamine into glutamate? 1. Where does this take place? 2

A
  1. Use glutaminase and NH4+ is byproduct

2. bipolar cells

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13
Q

What is used and what is the byproduct of turning glutamine into glutamate? 1. Where does this take place? 2

A
  1. Use glutaminase and NH4+ is byproduct

2. bipolar cells

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14
Q

What is a glutamate-cysteine-glycine tripeptide that scavenges free radicals?

A

glutathione

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15
Q

In the retina under normal conditions, where is glutathione confined to?

A

Müller cells, astrocytes, and horizontal cells

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16
Q

In the retina under normal conditions, where is glutathione confined to?

A

Müller cells, astrocytes, and horizontal cells

17
Q

What is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate retina? 1. How is termination of this NT achieved? 2

A
  1. GABA

2. uptake into presynaptic neuronal terminals and surrounding Müller cells through GAT

18
Q

What goes into and out of the cell from GAT?

A

GABA, 2 Na+, and Cl- in

19
Q

How is extracellular K+ regulated?

A

potassium inward rectifying channels located in Müller cell membranes (Kir4.1)

20
Q

What happens to the amount of Kir4.1 channels with age? 1. What is a congenital mutation in Kir4.1 gene that results in reduced retinal sensitivity due to altered K+ flux? 2

A
  1. decreases

2. EAST syndrome

21
Q

What is expressed in Müller cells and is thought to mediate water transport in response to local ionic changes?

A

AQP4 (aquaporin)

22
Q

What do Müller cells secrete upon VEGF signaling or glutamate uptake? 1. What is the purpose of this? 2

A
  1. ATP and adenosine

2. Prevents osmotic swelling of Muller cells

23
Q

What is an essential and retinally abundant amino acid-like molecule (more abundant than all other free-amino acids) that functions as an antioxidant and osmolyte? 1. Where is this found? 2

A
  1. Taurine

2. Muller cells

24
Q

Where is retinal Carbonic anhydrase II found? 1. Where is membrane bound Carbonic anhydrase XIV found? 2

A
  1. Muller and amacrine cells

2. retinal glial cells (found on extracellular surface)

25
Q

Where is retinal Carbonic anhydrase II found? 1. Where is membrane bound Carbonic anhydrase XIV found? 2

A
  1. Muller and amacrine cells

2. retinal glial cells (found on extracellular surface)

26
Q

Upon light stimulation what happens to the pH in the retina? 1. What do Muller cells do to help prevent over-excitation? 2

A
  1. alkalinization

2. Bicarbonate is effectively taken up by Muller cells but the protons are not which decreases the pH

27
Q

What can happen to light collected at the Muller cell end foot in the inner portion of the retina

A
  1. directed toward photoreceptors

2. funneled to increase photoreceptor sensitivity

I. Ocular Physiology (20 decks)

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