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Host and Defense > Mucosal Immunity > Flashcards

Mucosal Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

cells found in the epithelium of mucosal tissue

A

intraepithelial lymphocytes(IEL)

  • gamma/delta T cells
  • CD8 memory T cells
  • CD8 alpha:alpha T cells
  • DCs
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2
Q

cells found in the lamina propria

A 
gamma/delta cells
CD8
CD4
-Th1
-Th17
-T reg cells 
plasma cells and memory B cells
Macs
DC
M cells
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3
Q

what is Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues

A

specialized per mucosal tissue
Lymph node-like organization
eg. tonsils

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4
Q

do mucosal infections follow traditional inflammatory cascade?

A

Nope due to the gamma/delta cells in the epithelium

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5
Q

what forms the Waldeyer’s ring?

A

the adenoids and the tonsils of the mouth

these are MALTs

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6
Q

Mucosal immunity often employs limited inflammation, why?

A
  • strong proactive immunity(IgA), limited reactive immunity
  • most infections often cleared w/out inflam response
  • local innate and adaptive cells respond
  • inflammation occurs if infxn is severe, persistant, and/or tissue damage.
  • this is rare, thus PMNs in mucosal tissue is rare
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7
Q

how to bacteria gain access to the lamina propria of mucosal tissues?

A

endocytosis of the epithelial cells

this allows local activation of Macs w/out PMNs

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8
Q

what are some distinctive features of mucosal immune system

A
  • anatomical features: M cells, MALTs
  • effector mechanisms: IgAs, microbiota
  • Immunoregulatory environment: down reg immune response, inhibitory macs and tolerance inducing DCs
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9
Q

what type of cells often resolve infection of mucosal surfaces?

A

local adaptive via a preemptive immune response down stream of MALT

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10
Q

what is the most common identified bacterial species

A

firmicutes

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11
Q

T/F the oral microbiome is diverse and changes with disease

A

True

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12
Q

what is richness?

A

the number of species present

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13
Q

what is diversity?

A

what are the roles of the present genera and how many different genera

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14
Q

where is the microbiome shaped?

A

at mucosal surfaces

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15
Q

what happens at the mucosal layer to aid in microbiome shaping

A

IgA
antimicrobial peptides
immune browsing
thus it shapes the mucosal immune system

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16
Q

what affects local cytokines and CD4 T cell differentiation at mucosal surfaces?

A

the micro-biome

17
Q

what cytokine is very important in CD4 differentiation at mucosal surfaces?

A

TGF-beta

18
Q

TGF-beta + no inflammatory cytokines leads to what CD4 T cell?

A

T regulatory cells

19
Q

TGF-beta+ inflammatory cytokines leads to what CD4 T cell?

A

Th 17 cells

20
Q

what do T reg cells do?

A

inhibit mucosal inflammation

21
Q

what do Th17 cells do?

A
  • neutrophil recruitment
  • antimicrobial peptide production by epithelial cells
  • tissue repair
22
Q

what cytokines are released by Th17?

A

IL-17 and IL-22

23
Q

why are Th17 important in the oral epithelium?

A

protect barriers and induce inflammatory when needed

24
Q

what antimicrobial peptides are released into the oral cavity?

A

B-defensins
cathelicidins
lactoferrin

25
Q

what is chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis?

A

fungal infection of skin, nails, and mucous membranes

  • **deficient IL-17 signaling
  • too much fungi
26
Q

what causes chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis?

A

deficient IL-17 receptors
impaired TH 17 differentiation
impaired TH 17 development

27
Q

Periodontitis

A 
caused by increased IL-17 production
chronic PMNs
chronic inflamm cytokine production
osteoclast activation 
-TOO much bacteria
28
Q

what role do Igs at mucosal surfaces?

A 
pathogen neutralization
toxin removal
antigen browsing
shapes micro-biome
*mostly IgA
29
Q

how does the mucosal surface browse for antigens

A 
antigen capture by Macs
goblet cells uptake antigen and expose to DCs
DCs can be in the epithelium
M cells
 IgA brings it across via FcRn
dead cell allows antigen to cross
30
Q

how are mucosal epithelial cells active immune component?

A 
express TLR and NOD receptors
form inflammasomes
-phagocytose bacteria
-express cytokines and antimicrobial peptides
*induces local immune response
31
Q

how can the mucosa become inflamed?

A

epithelial damage due to bacteria over growth resulting in an inflammatory response with PMNs

32
Q

Established pathogens illicit inflammatory response how?

A

pathogen evades mucosal immunity

  • local Macs and DCs are activated and PMNs are recruited
  • TH 17 and TH1 response
  • this is more of a secondary response

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