MTC Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Tetracycline
A
binds small 30S subunit and inhibits binding of aminoacyl-tRNA
2
Q
Chloramphenicol
A
inhibits peptidyl transferase activity of large subunit (50S)
can cause problem w/ human mito
3
Q
Erythromycin
A
binds reversibly to the large subunit (50S) and inhibits translocation/peptidyl transferase
4
Q
Streptomycin
A
inhibits initiation and causes misreading of RNA
distorts A site on 30S
5
Q
Hemocytoblasts
A
multipotent circulating stem cells –> produce blood cells
6
Q
MCV
A
avg size of RBC, used to classify anemias
7
Q
RDW
A
red blood cell distribution width
high RDW associated w/
–anemia
–deficiency (Fe, B12, folate)
8
Q
anisocytosis
A
variation in RBC size
9
Q
buffy coat
A
WBC + platelets
10
Q
MCV
Normal
Dec
Inc
A
Normal: normocytic anemia (renal disease – low erythropoietin/anemia of chronic inflammatory disease)
Dec: microcytic (Fe deficiency, bleeding, thalassemia)
Inc: macrocytic (B12/folate deficiency)
11
Q
High Hgb
Low Hgb
A
High: polycythemia
Low: anemia
12
Q
Hematocrit eqn
A
RBC x MCV
13
Q
Thalassemia
A
microcytic anemia w/ NORMAL RDW
14
Q
Thrombocytopenia
A
dec number of platelets
15
Q
Thrombocytosis
A
inc number of platelets
16
Q
Rate of platelet formation stimulated by
A
thrombopoietin
thrombocyte stimulating factor
IL-6
M-CSF
17
Q
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
A
low levels of platelets
easy bruising/bleeding
18
Q
kolionychia
A
spoon nails
associated w/ anemia
19
Q
glossitis
A
smooth tongue
Fe, vit B deficiency
–not enough resources to make papillae
20
Q
hereditary tenlangiectasia
A
red marks near mouth
lose blood
located on mucosal surfaces
associated w/ anemia
21
Q
what numbers show 3:1 ratio
important when determining anemia
A
RBC (4)
Hb conc (12)
Hematocrit % (36)
22
Q
Bacterial infection results in elevated
A
segs
neutrophils
23
Q
Infection – elevation of…
A
bands (immature WBC released due to need)
Left shift
24
Q
Mononucleosis – elevated levels of
A
monocytes
atypical lymphocytes
25
Viral infections -- elevated
lymphocytes
26
Allergies/parasitic infections -- elevated...
eosinophils
27
Leukemia -- elevated
inc WBC of ONE TYPE
other blood lines affected (crowded out)
prone to infections due to nonfunctional WBCs
28
ANC =
(% bands + % seg neutrophils) (total WBC per uL)
29
Neutropenia
less than 1000 uL ANC
- -after chemo
- -reach lowest pt 2 wks after chemo
30
Hb
13.5 - 18.0 g/dL
31
HCT
40.0 - 52.0 %
32
MCV
80-100 fL
33
RDW
12.0-17.0 %
34
Platelets
150-400 thousand/uL
35
WBC
4.0 - 11.0 thousand/ uL
36
Neutrophils (segs)
2.0-8.0 thousand/uL
| 56%
37
if rash does not blanch,
bruises
blood is not inside vessels
can occur w/ meningitis
38
Malathion poisoning
inhibit AchE activity of NMJ
39
Gout
excessive accumulation of uric acid in joints
40
Thiamin deficiency
inhibits activity of aldehyde transfer rxns (oxidative decarboxylation, dehydrogenase, transketolase rxns)
Leads to dry or wet beriberi
41
Dry beriberi
neuropathy
mental abnormalities
ataxia
(due to thiamin deficiency)
42
Wet beriberi
```
severe muscular weakness and wasting
delirium
opthalmoplegia
memory loss
enlarged heart
(due to thiamin deficiency)
```
43
Wernicke encephalopathy
delirium
ataxia
eye paralysis
due to alcohol toxicity and thiamin deficiency
44
Korsakoff psychosis
inability to transcribe info from short to long term memory
| due to poor absorption of thiamin in alcoholics
45
Cyclophosphamide
oral alkylating agent that causes DNA damage
not selective -- destroys all hematopoietic precursors
used to treat CML
46
Fludarabine
inhibits adenosine deaminase
| inc granulocyte dATP --> apoptosis of myeloid cells in periph blood
47
Imatinib
tyr kinase inhibitor (Gleevec-comp inhibitor)
48
Forodesine
purine nucleotide phosphorylase inhibitor-PNP
| TS analog to the inhibitor of PNP
49
enz activity expressed in what units?
| enz specific activity expressed in what units?
enz activity: IU (1 umole substrate/min)
enz specific activity: umoles product/min/mg enz
50
kcat
turnover number
| catalytic rate constant
51
Enz speed depends on
affinity for substrate
| time to transition state
52
Amanita phalloides
contains amatoxins which bind to and interfere w/ RNA pol II (prevents DNA --> mRNA)
affects GI tract and liver first
Liver toxicity kills
found in mushrooms
53
Serine protease functions
cleave zymogens --> active
blood coagulation
digestion
prefer to hydrolyze peptide bonds on carboxyl side of hydrophobic aa
54
TPP
activation-transfer coenzyme
| forms covalent bond w/ substrate (pyruvate)
55
Cofactor vs prosthetic group
cofactor: NOT covalently bound to enz
| prosthetic group: COVALENTLY bound to enz
56
Describe function of NAD+, FAD+, FMN, and NADP+ as coenzymes
transfer e and H from substrate by donating or accepting e as hydride, H, or O
57
Activation transfer coenzymes vs oxid-reduction coenzymes
Activation transfer coenzymes: form covalent bonds w/ substrate
Oxid-red coenzymes: do NOT form covalent bonds w/ substrate
58
Coenzyme A
synthesized from vit B5
| adds CoA to fatty acids and cholesterol (traps them in cells)
59
Biotin
attaches CO2 to substrate in carboxylase rxns
60
Vit B6 (pyridoxal phosphate)
aldehyde group binds aa --> aminotransferase enz activity
61
3 features of activation transfer cofactors
1. coenzyme functional group binds enz
2. coenzyme reactive group forms/breaks bond
3. functions in 2nd order kinetics since they bind enz substrate binding site
62
What vits are precursors for...
NAD+
FAD+
FMN?
NAD+: B3
| FAD+ and FMN: B2
63
What vit are antioxidants in oxid-red rxns?
C and E
64
Metal ion cofactors function in enz catalysis by:
assisting in substrate binding to enz
stabilization of functional groups in acid-base catalysis
accept/donate e in oxid-red rxns
65
Covalent inhibitors
TS analog inhibitors
irreversible -- suicidal inhibitors
(ex. aspirin is irreversible inhibitor of PGH)
66
Organophosphate
Irreversible inhibitors of AchE
| Degrade Ach at synapse
67
Allopurinol
Irreversible inhibitor of xanthine oxidase
Treat gout
TS analog that requires covalent bond formation
68
Aspirin
Irreversible inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (converts arachidonic acid --> prostaglandin)
69
Forodesine
TS analog inhibitor
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase
Inc dGTP levels --> causes T cell/rapidly proliferating myeloid apoptosis
70
MTAP-Immucillin-A
Methylioadenosine phosphorylase inhibitor
| TS analog inhibitor
71
MTAN
Methylation denoting nucleoside se inhibitor
| Blocks quorum sensing in bacteria
72
Fosinopril
ACE inhibitor
| TS analog inhibitor
73
Begacestat
Y-secretase inhibitor
| TS inhibitor
74
Bortezomib
36 Proteasome inhibitor
| TS analog inhibitor
75
Oxidoreductase enz
Transfer e to coenzyme (NAD+, FAD+, NADP+)
76
Oxygenase
Use molec O2 as a substrate and normally a co-enz for activity
77
Monooxygenase
Cytochrome P450
| Transfer one molec of O to substrate and other to H2O
78
Dioxygenase
(COX enz)
| Insert 2 molec O into substrate
79
Oxidase
Transfer e from substrate to O producing H2O2
| Peroxidase converts H2O2 to H2O
80
Zellweger syndrome
Peroxisomal
| Defective peroxisomes assembly
81
X-linked ALD
Defect in ABCD1, the VLCFA transporter to peroxisome
- -accumulation of VLCFA
- -neuro disability, death
82
Infantile Refsum Disease
```
Defects in alpha-oxid enz, phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylate or in PEX7, involved in PhyH import to peroxisome
--phytanic acid accumulation
--cerebellum ataxia
--periph neuropathy
--restrict dairy and red meat
(IRD less severe than Zellweger and ALD)
```
83
Tay-Sachs
Lysosomal storage disease
| Defective hexosaminidase A
84
Niemann-Pick disease
Lysosomal storage disease
Problem w/ sphingomyelinase
Accumulate choline-sphingomyelin
85
Gaucher's disease
Lysosomal storage
Problem w/ B-glucosidase
Accumulate glucosylceramide
86
Pompe's disease
Due to deficient alpha glucosidase enz in lysosome
87
Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy
Lactic acidosis like symptoms
| Beta oxid not done properly --> fermentation --> lactic acid
88
PTPN I
Reverses auto phosphorylation of RTK
89
PTEN
Terminates/inhibits PI3K activation via dephoaphorylation of PIP3 to PIP2
90
SOCS
Inhibits Tyr kinase activity of RTK
91
Glycerol trinitrite
NO producer
Elevates cGMP
Angina
92
Nesiritide
Synthetic ANP
cGMP elevating drug
Heart failure
93
Sildenafil
Inhibits cGMP phosphodiesterase
| Erectile dysfunction
94
What drug ligands related w PPARa receptor?
Fibrate drugs
| Clofibrate, bezafibrate, fenofibrate
95
What drug ligands related w PPARgamma receptor?
Thiazolidedionase
| Avandia
96
Drugs that activate PPAR alpha and gamma?
Stronger/weaker?
Pioglitazone (weaker)
| Troglitazone (stronger)
97
CREB
Basic leucine zipper TF
Regulates gluconeogenesis in liver during fasting
Activated by cAMP-->PKA
98
SREBP1
Helix loop helix leu zipper TF
Bind sterol response elements
Fatty acid synthesis, fatty liver, hypertriglycemia
99
SREBP2
Helix loop helix leu zipper TF
Cholesterol synthesis/uptake, cholesterol homeostasis in liver
100
Eicosanoidd
Involved in injury response
Prostaglandin
Thromboxanes
Leukotrienes
101
Monooxygenase
| Dioxygenase
Mono: one O, one H2O
Di: 2 O
102
Oxidase vs Peroxidase
Oxidase: produces H2O2
Peroxidase: converts H2O2 to H2O
