MTC Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Tetracycline

A

binds small 30S subunit and inhibits binding of aminoacyl-tRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

inhibits peptidyl transferase activity of large subunit (50S)
can cause problem w/ human mito

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Erythromycin

A

binds reversibly to the large subunit (50S) and inhibits translocation/peptidyl transferase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Streptomycin

A

inhibits initiation and causes misreading of RNA

distorts A site on 30S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hemocytoblasts

A

multipotent circulating stem cells –> produce blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

MCV

A

avg size of RBC, used to classify anemias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

RDW

A

red blood cell distribution width
high RDW associated w/
–anemia
–deficiency (Fe, B12, folate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

anisocytosis

A

variation in RBC size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

buffy coat

A

WBC + platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

MCV
Normal
Dec
Inc

A

Normal: normocytic anemia (renal disease – low erythropoietin/anemia of chronic inflammatory disease)
Dec: microcytic (Fe deficiency, bleeding, thalassemia)
Inc: macrocytic (B12/folate deficiency)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

High Hgb

Low Hgb

A

High: polycythemia
Low: anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hematocrit eqn

A

RBC x MCV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Thalassemia

A

microcytic anemia w/ NORMAL RDW

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

dec number of platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

inc number of platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Rate of platelet formation stimulated by

A

thrombopoietin
thrombocyte stimulating factor
IL-6
M-CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

A

low levels of platelets

easy bruising/bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

kolionychia

A

spoon nails

associated w/ anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

glossitis

A

smooth tongue
Fe, vit B deficiency
–not enough resources to make papillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

hereditary tenlangiectasia

A

red marks near mouth
lose blood
located on mucosal surfaces
associated w/ anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what numbers show 3:1 ratio

important when determining anemia

A

RBC (4)
Hb conc (12)
Hematocrit % (36)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Bacterial infection results in elevated

A

segs

neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Infection – elevation of…

A

bands (immature WBC released due to need)

Left shift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Mononucleosis – elevated levels of

A

monocytes

atypical lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Viral infections -- elevated
lymphocytes
26
Allergies/parasitic infections -- elevated...
eosinophils
27
Leukemia -- elevated
inc WBC of ONE TYPE other blood lines affected (crowded out) prone to infections due to nonfunctional WBCs
28
ANC =
(% bands + % seg neutrophils) (total WBC per uL)
29
Neutropenia
less than 1000 uL ANC - -after chemo - -reach lowest pt 2 wks after chemo
30
Hb
13.5 - 18.0 g/dL
31
HCT
40.0 - 52.0 %
32
MCV
80-100 fL
33
RDW
12.0-17.0 %
34
Platelets
150-400 thousand/uL
35
WBC
4.0 - 11.0 thousand/ uL
36
Neutrophils (segs)
2.0-8.0 thousand/uL | 56%
37
if rash does not blanch,
bruises blood is not inside vessels can occur w/ meningitis
38
Malathion poisoning
inhibit AchE activity of NMJ
39
Gout
excessive accumulation of uric acid in joints
40
Thiamin deficiency
inhibits activity of aldehyde transfer rxns (oxidative decarboxylation, dehydrogenase, transketolase rxns) Leads to dry or wet beriberi
41
Dry beriberi
neuropathy mental abnormalities ataxia (due to thiamin deficiency)
42
Wet beriberi
``` severe muscular weakness and wasting delirium opthalmoplegia memory loss enlarged heart (due to thiamin deficiency) ```
43
Wernicke encephalopathy
delirium ataxia eye paralysis due to alcohol toxicity and thiamin deficiency
44
Korsakoff psychosis
inability to transcribe info from short to long term memory | due to poor absorption of thiamin in alcoholics
45
Cyclophosphamide
oral alkylating agent that causes DNA damage not selective -- destroys all hematopoietic precursors used to treat CML
46
Fludarabine
inhibits adenosine deaminase | inc granulocyte dATP --> apoptosis of myeloid cells in periph blood
47
Imatinib
tyr kinase inhibitor (Gleevec-comp inhibitor)
48
Forodesine
purine nucleotide phosphorylase inhibitor-PNP | TS analog to the inhibitor of PNP
49
enz activity expressed in what units? | enz specific activity expressed in what units?
enz activity: IU (1 umole substrate/min) enz specific activity: umoles product/min/mg enz
50
kcat
turnover number | catalytic rate constant
51
Enz speed depends on
affinity for substrate | time to transition state
52
Amanita phalloides
contains amatoxins which bind to and interfere w/ RNA pol II (prevents DNA --> mRNA) affects GI tract and liver first Liver toxicity kills found in mushrooms
53
Serine protease functions
cleave zymogens --> active blood coagulation digestion prefer to hydrolyze peptide bonds on carboxyl side of hydrophobic aa
54
TPP
activation-transfer coenzyme | forms covalent bond w/ substrate (pyruvate)
55
Cofactor vs prosthetic group
cofactor: NOT covalently bound to enz | prosthetic group: COVALENTLY bound to enz
56
Describe function of NAD+, FAD+, FMN, and NADP+ as coenzymes
transfer e and H from substrate by donating or accepting e as hydride, H, or O
57
Activation transfer coenzymes vs oxid-reduction coenzymes
Activation transfer coenzymes: form covalent bonds w/ substrate Oxid-red coenzymes: do NOT form covalent bonds w/ substrate
58
Coenzyme A
synthesized from vit B5 | adds CoA to fatty acids and cholesterol (traps them in cells)
59
Biotin
attaches CO2 to substrate in carboxylase rxns
60
Vit B6 (pyridoxal phosphate)
aldehyde group binds aa --> aminotransferase enz activity
61
3 features of activation transfer cofactors
1. coenzyme functional group binds enz 2. coenzyme reactive group forms/breaks bond 3. functions in 2nd order kinetics since they bind enz substrate binding site
62
What vits are precursors for... NAD+ FAD+ FMN?
NAD+: B3 | FAD+ and FMN: B2
63
What vit are antioxidants in oxid-red rxns?
C and E
64
Metal ion cofactors function in enz catalysis by:
assisting in substrate binding to enz stabilization of functional groups in acid-base catalysis accept/donate e in oxid-red rxns
65
Covalent inhibitors
TS analog inhibitors irreversible -- suicidal inhibitors (ex. aspirin is irreversible inhibitor of PGH)
66
Organophosphate
Irreversible inhibitors of AchE | Degrade Ach at synapse
67
Allopurinol
Irreversible inhibitor of xanthine oxidase Treat gout TS analog that requires covalent bond formation
68
Aspirin
Irreversible inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (converts arachidonic acid --> prostaglandin)
69
Forodesine
TS analog inhibitor Purine nucleoside phosphorylase Inc dGTP levels --> causes T cell/rapidly proliferating myeloid apoptosis
70
MTAP-Immucillin-A
Methylioadenosine phosphorylase inhibitor | TS analog inhibitor
71
MTAN
Methylation denoting nucleoside se inhibitor | Blocks quorum sensing in bacteria
72
Fosinopril
ACE inhibitor | TS analog inhibitor
73
Begacestat
Y-secretase inhibitor | TS inhibitor
74
Bortezomib
36 Proteasome inhibitor | TS analog inhibitor
75
Oxidoreductase enz
Transfer e to coenzyme (NAD+, FAD+, NADP+)
76
Oxygenase
Use molec O2 as a substrate and normally a co-enz for activity
77
Monooxygenase
Cytochrome P450 | Transfer one molec of O to substrate and other to H2O
78
Dioxygenase
(COX enz) | Insert 2 molec O into substrate
79
Oxidase
Transfer e from substrate to O producing H2O2 | Peroxidase converts H2O2 to H2O
80
Zellweger syndrome
Peroxisomal | Defective peroxisomes assembly
81
X-linked ALD
Defect in ABCD1, the VLCFA transporter to peroxisome - -accumulation of VLCFA - -neuro disability, death
82
Infantile Refsum Disease
``` Defects in alpha-oxid enz, phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylate or in PEX7, involved in PhyH import to peroxisome --phytanic acid accumulation --cerebellum ataxia --periph neuropathy --restrict dairy and red meat (IRD less severe than Zellweger and ALD) ```
83
Tay-Sachs
Lysosomal storage disease | Defective hexosaminidase A
84
Niemann-Pick disease
Lysosomal storage disease Problem w/ sphingomyelinase Accumulate choline-sphingomyelin
85
Gaucher's disease
Lysosomal storage Problem w/ B-glucosidase Accumulate glucosylceramide
86
Pompe's disease
Due to deficient alpha glucosidase enz in lysosome
87
Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy
Lactic acidosis like symptoms | Beta oxid not done properly --> fermentation --> lactic acid
88
PTPN I
Reverses auto phosphorylation of RTK
89
PTEN
Terminates/inhibits PI3K activation via dephoaphorylation of PIP3 to PIP2
90
SOCS
Inhibits Tyr kinase activity of RTK
91
Glycerol trinitrite
NO producer Elevates cGMP Angina
92
Nesiritide
Synthetic ANP cGMP elevating drug Heart failure
93
Sildenafil
Inhibits cGMP phosphodiesterase | Erectile dysfunction
94
What drug ligands related w PPARa receptor?
Fibrate drugs | Clofibrate, bezafibrate, fenofibrate
95
What drug ligands related w PPARgamma receptor?
Thiazolidedionase | Avandia
96
Drugs that activate PPAR alpha and gamma? Stronger/weaker?
Pioglitazone (weaker) | Troglitazone (stronger)
97
CREB
Basic leucine zipper TF Regulates gluconeogenesis in liver during fasting Activated by cAMP-->PKA
98
SREBP1
Helix loop helix leu zipper TF Bind sterol response elements Fatty acid synthesis, fatty liver, hypertriglycemia
99
SREBP2
Helix loop helix leu zipper TF Cholesterol synthesis/uptake, cholesterol homeostasis in liver
100
Eicosanoidd
Involved in injury response Prostaglandin Thromboxanes Leukotrienes
101
Monooxygenase | Dioxygenase
Mono: one O, one H2O Di: 2 O
102
Oxidase vs Peroxidase
Oxidase: produces H2O2 Peroxidase: converts H2O2 to H2O