MTAP 1 Flashcards
It is the process of Preservation; 1st and most critical step
Fixation
Calcium or lime salts are removed from the tissues
Optional process: for calcified tissues only such as
bones and teeth
Decalcification
Desiccation
Removing intracellular and extracellular fluid/water
Dehydration
De-alcoholization
Removing the alcohol used in dehydration
Clearing
Impregnation
Infiltration
Infiltration
Impregnation
Casting or Blocking
Embedding
Removing excess wax from the tissue block
Optional process: not all tissue blocks have excess wax
Trimming
Section cutting
Cutting tissue blocks into uniformly thin slices
Sectioning
It is the process of dyeing
Staining
The process after staining or dyeing
Mounting
Process of proper labelling
labelling
A tissue used that is examined when there is an immediate need for evaluation
Fresh tissues
A tissue that is routinely done in the histopathology section.
Preserved tissues
What are the observed activities seen using fresh tissue
Mitosis
Motion
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
The disadvantage of using fresh tissue
it is not permanent
What are the primary signs of death
CNS failure
Respiratory failure
Cardiovascular failure
What are the secondary signs of death
Algor Mortis
Rigor Mortis
Livor Mortis
Post-Mortem Clot
Autolysis
Putrefaction
What is the cooling body range in Algor Mortis
(7F/hr or 1-1.5C/hr)
It is where the 1st demonstrable change is seen
Algor Mortis
This is where the stiffening of the skeletal muscles is seen
Rigor Mortis
Post-mortem lividity or post-mortem suggilation
Purplish discoloration
Livor Mortis
The destruction of the tissues (breaking down of the protein of the cell) by enzymes which are produced by the tissues and eventually liquefy it.
It is the first to occur among all post-mortem changes
Autolysis
It is the first to occur among all post-mortem changes
Autolysis
The decomposition of organic matter under the influence of microorganisms accompanied by the development of
disagreeable odors.
Putrefaction or Decomposition
A retrogressive pathologic process in cells in which the cytoplasm undergoes deterioration while the nucleus is
preserved.
Degeneration
What are the methods for fresh tissue examination
Teasing or Dissociation
Squash preparation Crushing
Frozen section
Smearing
A process wherein a selected tissue specimen is immersed in a watch glass containing isotonic salt solution (NSS or Ringer’s lactate),
Teasing or Dissociation
what are the solutions used in teasing or dissociation
Isotonic salt solution (NSS)
Ringer’s lactate
A process where small pieces of tissue not more than in diameter is placed in a microscopic slide and
forcibly compressed with another slide or with coverglass.
Squash preparation or Crushing
Is normally utilized when a rapid diagnosis of the tissue in question is required, and is especially recommended when lipids and nervous tissue elements are to be
demonstrated.
Frozen section
It is useful in cytological examinations, particularly for cancer diagnosis.
Smearing
What are the smearing techniques
Streaking
Spreading technique
Pull-apart technique
Touch preparation or impression smear
How long are the specimens kept?
1 month - 1 year
How long are the tissue blocks kept?
3-10 years
The slides are kept
indefinitely
The records in histopathology are kept
permanently
The result forms must be in triplicate system
Pathologist
Patient
Laboratory
The preparation for an organism identification
Whole mount
What is the thickness of whole mount
0.2 - 0.5 mm
What is the most common mountant for whole mount
Canada balsam
Canada balsam’s refractive index
1.524
It is a histopathological method for the majority of preparation
Sectioning
Sectioning preparation thickness is
3-5 mm
It is a histopathological method for the cytological examination
Smearing
Simply means microscopic examination of cells from different body sites for diagnostic purposes
Diagnostic Cytology
Deals with the microscopic study of cells that have been desquamated from epithelial surfaces
Exfoliative Cytology
It is also referred as “dissection/separation”
Teasing/Dissociation
Unstained smear are usually observed under what type of microscopy
Phase-contrast microscope
In squashing/crushing the thickness of sample is
<1mm between two slides
What microscope often used to examine the ash residue of the incinerated section (SPODOGRAM)
Polarizing microscope
Directly injection of radioactive isotopes into organs
It determines the relationship and location of the isotopes and cells to be studied
Autoradiography
The specimen-to-fixative volume ratio is
1:20
The pH of fixative
pH 6-8
For fixating the nuclear component the pH of the fixative must be
> 4.6 pH
For fixating the cytoplasmic component the pH of the fixative must be
<4.6 pH
The temperature of fixative
Room temperature or 20-22 degree celsius
The temperature of fixative for DNA
65-degree celsius
The temperature of fixative for RNA
45-degree celsius
Formaldehyde is used to preservation of
fats
mucin
glycogen
Stock solution of formaldehyde
37-40%
Formaldehyde is from
oxidized methanol
most widely used for Electron Microscopy
Glutaraldehyde
Glutaraldehyde is widely used for
Electron Microscopy
It is the best fixative of choice for enzyme histochemistry
Glutaraldehyde
Glutaraldehyde is the best fixative of choice for enzyme histochemistry
Enzyme histochemistry
How many percent of glutaraldehyde for small tissues
2.5%
How many percent of glutaraldehyde for big tissues
4.0%
What is the fixative for connective tissue mucin
Lead fixative
Lead fixative is an
Acid mucopolysaccharide
The concentration of Lead Fixative
4%
Best fixation: 3-degrees celsius for 16-18 hours
Newcomer’s fluid
It is made up of mercuric chloride stock solu. In which glacial acetic acid added before use
Zenker’s Fluid
Zenker’s fluid is used for fixating
Connective tissue
Liver
Spleen
Nuclei
It is the most rapid fixative
Carnoy’s fluid
Carnoy’s fluid is also used for what granules
Nissle granules
It is the most common fixative, also used for fixating renal tissue, connective tissue, muscle, and fibrin
Mercuric Chloride
Mercuric Chloride is used to fixate
Renal tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle
Fibrin
Fixative tissue choice for Tissue photography
Mercuric chloride
Helly’s Fluid is used to fixate
Pituitary gland
Bone marrow
Blood-containing organs like spleen and liver
Helly’s Fluid other name is
Zenker’s Formol
The composition of Helly’s Fluid
Mercuric chloride
Formaldehyde
Potassium dichromate
REGAUD’S FLUID / MOLLER’S FLUID is for
Mitochondira
Mitotic figures
Chromatin
Colloid Containing Tissues
RBCs
Golgi bodies
Fixative for embryo
Bouin’s Fluid
Early degenerative processes and tissue necrosis
Orth’s Fluid
For tumor biopsies of the skin
Heidenhain’s susa
Post-mortem changes
Research tissues
Surgical storage tissues
10% NEUTRAL BUFFERED FORMALIN
For glycogen
BRASIL’S ALCOHOLIC PICROFORMOL SOLUTION
For nuclear structures
FLEMMING’S FLUID WITH GLACIAL ACETIC ACID
For cytoplasmic structures
LEMMING’S FLUID W/O GLACIAL ACETIC ACID
It is stain and fixative; glycogen
Picrid acid
It solidifies at 17OC; precipitates chromosomes and chromatin
Glacial Acetic Acid
fixative and dehydrant
brain damage; rabies diagnosis
ACETONE
fixative and dehydrant; ideal for small bone fragments
Alcohol
For bacteriologic smears
Heat
Fixative and decalcifying agent
Chromic acid
For sputum
GENDRE’S FLUID
Most common, routine purposes, urgent biopsies for decalcification
NITRIC ACID
For surface tissue block
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
Pieces of bones and teeth
VON EBNER’S FLUID
Most rapid decalcifier; urgent works
PHLOROGLUCIN NITRIC ACID
Decalcifier and tissue softener
Maceration is avoided
PERENYI’S FLUID
Most common, cheap and not poisonous dehydrant agent
ETHANOL
Blood and tissue films and smears
METHANOL
Plant and animal tissue microtechniques
BUTANOL
A Carcinogenic clearing agent: bone marrow damage; aplastic anemia
Benzene
CNS tissues & Cytological studies
CEDARWOOD OIL
The direction is from heel-to-toe
Honing
The direction is from toe-to-heel
Stropping
Clearance angel
5-15 degree angle
Wedge-plane
15-degree angle
Biconcave
27-32 degree angle
Refractive index of Canada balsam
1.524
Refractive index of Canada balsam
answer: 1.532
