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HISTOPATHOLOGY > MTAP 1 > Flashcards

MTAP 1 Flashcards

1
Q

It is the process of Preservation; 1st and most critical step

A

Fixation

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2
Q

Calcium or lime salts are removed from the tissues

Optional process: for calcified tissues only such as
bones and teeth

A

Decalcification

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3
Q

Desiccation

Removing intracellular and extracellular fluid/water

A

Dehydration

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4
Q

De-alcoholization

Removing the alcohol used in dehydration

A

Clearing

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5
Q

Impregnation

A

Infiltration

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6
Q

Infiltration

A

Impregnation

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7
Q

Casting or Blocking

A

Embedding

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8
Q

Removing excess wax from the tissue block

Optional process: not all tissue blocks have excess wax

A

Trimming

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9
Q

Section cutting

Cutting tissue blocks into uniformly thin slices

A

Sectioning

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10
Q

It is the process of dyeing

A

Staining

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11
Q

The process after staining or dyeing

A

Mounting

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12
Q

Process of proper labelling

A

labelling

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13
Q

A tissue used that is examined when there is an immediate need for evaluation

A

Fresh tissues

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14
Q

A tissue that is routinely done in the histopathology section.

A

Preserved tissues

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15
Q

What are the observed activities seen using fresh tissue

A

Mitosis
Motion
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis

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16
Q

The disadvantage of using fresh tissue

A

it is not permanent

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17
Q

What are the primary signs of death

A

CNS failure
Respiratory failure
Cardiovascular failure

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18
Q

What are the secondary signs of death

A

Algor Mortis
Rigor Mortis
Livor Mortis
Post-Mortem Clot
Autolysis
Putrefaction

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19
Q

What is the cooling body range in Algor Mortis

A

(7F/hr or 1-1.5C/hr)

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20
Q

It is where the 1st demonstrable change is seen

A

Algor Mortis

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21
Q

This is where the stiffening of the skeletal muscles is seen

A

Rigor Mortis

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22
Q

Post-mortem lividity or post-mortem suggilation

Purplish discoloration

A

Livor Mortis

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23
Q

The destruction of the tissues (breaking down of the protein of the cell) by enzymes which are produced by the tissues and eventually liquefy it.

It is the first to occur among all post-mortem changes

A

Autolysis

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24
Q

It is the first to occur among all post-mortem changes

A

Autolysis

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25
Q

The decomposition of organic matter under the influence of microorganisms accompanied by the development of
disagreeable odors.

A

Putrefaction or Decomposition

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26
Q

A retrogressive pathologic process in cells in which the cytoplasm undergoes deterioration while the nucleus is
preserved.

A

Degeneration

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27
Q

What are the methods for fresh tissue examination

A

Teasing or Dissociation
Squash preparation Crushing
Frozen section
Smearing

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28
Q

A process wherein a selected tissue specimen is immersed in a watch glass containing isotonic salt solution (NSS or Ringer’s lactate),

A

Teasing or Dissociation

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29
Q

what are the solutions used in teasing or dissociation

A

Isotonic salt solution (NSS)
Ringer’s lactate

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30
Q

A process where small pieces of tissue not more than in diameter is placed in a microscopic slide and
forcibly compressed with another slide or with coverglass.

A

Squash preparation or Crushing

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31
Q

Is normally utilized when a rapid diagnosis of the tissue in question is required, and is especially recommended when lipids and nervous tissue elements are to be
demonstrated.

A

Frozen section

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32
Q

It is useful in cytological examinations, particularly for cancer diagnosis.

A

Smearing

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33
Q

What are the smearing techniques

A

Streaking
Spreading technique
Pull-apart technique
Touch preparation or impression smear

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34
Q

How long are the specimens kept?

A

1 month - 1 year

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35
Q

How long are the tissue blocks kept?

A

3-10 years

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36
Q

The slides are kept

A

indefinitely

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37
Q

The records in histopathology are kept

A

permanently

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38
Q

The result forms must be in triplicate system

A

Pathologist
Patient
Laboratory

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39
Q

The preparation for an organism identification

A

Whole mount

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40
Q

What is the thickness of whole mount

A

0.2 - 0.5 mm

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41
Q

What is the most common mountant for whole mount

A

Canada balsam

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42
Q

Canada balsam’s refractive index

A

1.524

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43
Q

It is a histopathological method for the majority of preparation

A

Sectioning

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44
Q

Sectioning preparation thickness is

A

3-5 mm

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45
Q

It is a histopathological method for the cytological examination

A

Smearing

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46
Q

Simply means microscopic examination of cells from different body sites for diagnostic purposes

A

Diagnostic Cytology

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47
Q

Deals with the microscopic study of cells that have been desquamated from epithelial surfaces

A

Exfoliative Cytology

48
Q

It is also referred as “dissection/separation”

A

Teasing/Dissociation

49
Q

Unstained smear are usually observed under what type of microscopy

A

Phase-contrast microscope

50
Q

In squashing/crushing the thickness of sample is

A

<1mm between two slides

51
Q

What microscope often used to examine the ash residue of the incinerated section (SPODOGRAM)

A

Polarizing microscope

52
Q

Directly injection of radioactive isotopes into organs

It determines the relationship and location of the isotopes and cells to be studied

A

Autoradiography

53
Q

The specimen-to-fixative volume ratio is

A

1:20

54
Q

The pH of fixative

A

pH 6-8

55
Q

For fixating the nuclear component the pH of the fixative must be

A

> 4.6 pH

56
Q

For fixating the cytoplasmic component the pH of the fixative must be

A

<4.6 pH

57
Q

The temperature of fixative

A

Room temperature or 20-22 degree celsius

58
Q

The temperature of fixative for DNA

A

65-degree celsius

59
Q

The temperature of fixative for RNA

A

45-degree celsius

60
Q

Formaldehyde is used to preservation of

A

fats
mucin
glycogen

61
Q

Stock solution of formaldehyde

A

37-40%

62
Q

Formaldehyde is from

A

oxidized methanol

63
Q

most widely used for Electron Microscopy

A

Glutaraldehyde

64
Q

Glutaraldehyde is widely used for

A

Electron Microscopy

65
Q

It is the best fixative of choice for enzyme histochemistry

A

Glutaraldehyde

66
Q

Glutaraldehyde is the best fixative of choice for enzyme histochemistry

A

Enzyme histochemistry

67
Q

How many percent of glutaraldehyde for small tissues

A

2.5%

68
Q

How many percent of glutaraldehyde for big tissues

A

4.0%

69
Q

What is the fixative for connective tissue mucin

A

Lead fixative

70
Q

Lead fixative is an

A

Acid mucopolysaccharide

71
Q

The concentration of Lead Fixative

A

4%

72
Q

Best fixation: 3-degrees celsius for 16-18 hours

A

Newcomer’s fluid

73
Q

It is made up of mercuric chloride stock solu. In which glacial acetic acid added before use

A

Zenker’s Fluid

74
Q

Zenker’s fluid is used for fixating

A

Connective tissue
Liver
Spleen
Nuclei

75
Q

It is the most rapid fixative

A

Carnoy’s fluid

76
Q

Carnoy’s fluid is also used for what granules

A

Nissle granules

77
Q

It is the most common fixative, also used for fixating renal tissue, connective tissue, muscle, and fibrin

A

Mercuric Chloride

78
Q

Mercuric Chloride is used to fixate

A

Renal tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle
Fibrin

79
Q

Fixative tissue choice for Tissue photography

A

Mercuric chloride

80
Q

Helly’s Fluid is used to fixate

A

Pituitary gland
Bone marrow
Blood-containing organs like spleen and liver

81
Q

Helly’s Fluid other name is

A

Zenker’s Formol

82
Q

The composition of Helly’s Fluid

A

Mercuric chloride
Formaldehyde
Potassium dichromate

83
Q

REGAUD’S FLUID / MOLLER’S FLUID is for

A

Mitochondira
Mitotic figures
Chromatin
Colloid Containing Tissues
RBCs
Golgi bodies

84
Q

Fixative for embryo

A

Bouin’s Fluid

85
Q

Early degenerative processes and tissue necrosis

A

Orth’s Fluid

86
Q

For tumor biopsies of the skin

A

Heidenhain’s susa

87
Q

Post-mortem changes
Research tissues
Surgical storage tissues

A

10% NEUTRAL BUFFERED FORMALIN

88
Q

For glycogen

A

BRASIL’S ALCOHOLIC PICROFORMOL SOLUTION

89
Q

For nuclear structures

A

FLEMMING’S FLUID WITH GLACIAL ACETIC ACID

90
Q

For cytoplasmic structures

A

LEMMING’S FLUID W/O GLACIAL ACETIC ACID

91
Q

It is stain and fixative; glycogen

A

Picrid acid

92
Q

It solidifies at 17OC; precipitates chromosomes and chromatin

A

Glacial Acetic Acid

93
Q

fixative and dehydrant

brain damage; rabies diagnosis

A

ACETONE

94
Q

fixative and dehydrant; ideal for small bone fragments

A

Alcohol

95
Q

For bacteriologic smears

A

Heat

96
Q

Fixative and decalcifying agent

A

Chromic acid

97
Q

For sputum

A

GENDRE’S FLUID

98
Q

Most common, routine purposes, urgent biopsies for decalcification

A

NITRIC ACID

99
Q

For surface tissue block

A

HYDROCHLORIC ACID

100
Q

Pieces of bones and teeth

A

VON EBNER’S FLUID

101
Q

Most rapid decalcifier; urgent works

A

PHLOROGLUCIN NITRIC ACID

102
Q

Decalcifier and tissue softener

Maceration is avoided

A

PERENYI’S FLUID

103
Q

Most common, cheap and not poisonous dehydrant agent

A

ETHANOL

104
Q

Blood and tissue films and smears

A

METHANOL

105
Q

Plant and animal tissue microtechniques

A

BUTANOL

106
Q

A Carcinogenic clearing agent: bone marrow damage; aplastic anemia

A

Benzene

107
Q

CNS tissues & Cytological studies

A

CEDARWOOD OIL

108
Q

The direction is from heel-to-toe

A

Honing

109
Q

The direction is from toe-to-heel

A

Stropping

110
Q

Clearance angel

A

5-15 degree angle

111
Q

Wedge-plane

A

15-degree angle

112
Q

Biconcave

A

27-32 degree angle

113
Q

Refractive index of Canada balsam

A

1.524

114
Q

Refractive index of Canada balsam

A

answer: 1.532

115
Q
A

HISTOPATHOLOGY (3 decks)

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