MT1 Key Terms (textbook)

Question 1

AGRICULTURAL SURPLUS

Answer 1

production of food exceeds demand; storage capability
- Population growth (via improved nutrition)

Question 2

CAPITALIZATION

Answer 2

definition in urban contexts is that it is the investment of monetary resources (i.e. capital) in the built environment. In Edmonton, recent examples of capitalization include the extension of the LRT and the construction of new recreation centres. One characteristic of capitalization is that it is long-term. These facilities should last for many decades.

Question 3

CONURBATION

Answer 3

an extended urban area, typically consisting of several towns merging with the suburbs of one or more cities.
- Population growth and physical expansion of cities can lead to a much larger continuously developed region
- The Boston- Washington conurbation

Question 4

DEINDUSTRIALIZATION

Answer 4

The reversal of industrialization whereby former industrial facilities close down due to inter- national outsourcing, competition from newer forms of production, or the obsolescence of the goods they produced.

Question 5

FORDISM

Answer 5

A period of economic development that lasted roughly from the 1920s until the late 1970s, when growth rested on a correspondence between rising consumption and increasing mass production. Fordism required ongoing Keynesian-type government interventions to stimulate consumption.

Question 6

GLOBALIZATION

Answer 6

The growing tendency for economic, politi- cal, and cultural exchanges to take place at a world scale.

Question 7

GOVERNANCE

Answer 7

In contrast to government, which refers to formal state institutions, governance also involves non-governmental actors. Governmental and non-governmental actors work together to address complex problems or achieve collective projects through joint mobilization of their respective resources and knowledge. Governance thus provides a much broader perspective on the political process than the concept of government does.

Question 8

INTENSIFICATION

Answer 8

An increase in the density of development on a given parcel of land or in a neighbourhood or sector of a city. Intensification leads to higher dwelling, and generally also population, densities.

Question 9

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

Answer 9

A host of gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, emitted when burning fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. There is concern among scientists and society that greenhouse gas emissions are contributing to global climate change.

Question 10

MEGALOPOLIS

Answer 10

an extremely large city or urban (= city) area where a lot of people live
- idea illustrates just how vast the urbanization process has become; can drive for hours and hours and never leave an urban area
- The Boston-Washington conurbation (population 50 mil) is also known as a megalopolis. Canadian version = greater golden horseshoe

Question 11

NEW ECONOMY

Answer 11

An economy that reflects recent economic changes stemming from deindustrialization, the rise of high-order tertiary activities, and globalization.

Question 12

PATH DEPENDENCE

Answer 12

A perspective by which certain patterns and behaviours are long-lasting and difficult to alter because they are supported by existing institutional arrangements and processes.

Question 13

POLARIZATION

Answer 13

A distribution that is skewed toward the extreme ends of the attribute that is being measured—akin to an hourglass. Under conditions of the new economy, income is said to be polarized because major segments in the population fall into either relatively high- or low-income groups.

Question 14

POWER CENTRES

Answer 14

Clustering of specialized stores of different size along with discount department stores in an automobile-oriented environment. In contrast with shopping malls, there is little common space in power centres, notwithstand- ing large parking areas.
- EX. south Edmonton common

Question 15

SOCIO-ECONOMIC POLARIZATION

Answer 15

Social polarization is the segregation within a society that emerges when factors such as income inequality, real-estate fluctuations and economic displacement result in the differentiation of social groups from high-income to low-income.

Question 16

THE 100-MILE DIET

Answer 16

A local food concept, popularized by Canadian authors Alisa Smith and J.B. MacKinnon in a book by the same name, that encourages people to consume only food produced within 100 miles of their home.

Question 17

URBAN

Answer 17

One of the ways it can be defined = population centres
- Rule of thumb: once pop hits 100,000 = qualifies as urban
- Small population centre (1,000-49,999)
- Medium population centre (50,000-99,999)
- Large urban population centre (100,000+)

Question 18

URBANIZATION

Answer 18

about much more than numbers (proportions) of people – it’s also about building complex systems
- Infrastructure networks
- Buildings & land uses n Institution
- Economic systems
- Ways of life
- Powered by migration to cities

Question 19

URBAN DYNAMICS

Answer 19

Human behaviour taking place in cities; also, journey patterns within urban areas.

Question 20

URBAN FORM

Answer 20

The configuration of urban areas. Urban form can pertain to the distribution and density of activities within metropolitan regions or to design features of specific places within cities.

Question 21

WELFARE STATE

Answer 21

Strong state/government involvement in the provision of basic needs, such as health care, housing, and old age security, as well as government intervention in matters more typically dealt with by the private sector, such as wage rates. In Canada the term is most often associated with the Fordist period of urban economic growth.

Question 22

Seven properties are fundamental to understanding the urban phenomenon

Answer 22

• production
• proximity
• reproduction
• capitalization
• place
• governance
• environment

Question 23

CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT (CBD)

Answer 23

District generally close to the historical centre of a metropolitan region hosting a con- centration of employment, retailing, and institutions. CBDs represent a portion of downtowns. Downtowns cover a wider area, including high-density housing.

Question 24

DEINDUSTRIALIZATION

Answer 24

The reversal of industrialization whereby former industrial facilities close down due to inter- national outsourcing, competition from newer forms of production, or the obsolescence of the goods they produced.

Question 25

DEMOGRAPHY

Answer 25

a measure of urban growth or decline, as cities are generally ranked according to their population.
- The impact of demography on cities takes different forms.

Question 26

GENTRIFICATION

Answer 26

The process whereby high-income households purchase and upgrade central city housing that once was occupied by residents of a significantly lower income. Today, some would consider other kinds of residential upgrading, such as condominium development, as gentrification.

Question 27

KEYNESIANISM

Answer 27

An economic approach formulated by John Maynard Keynes, according to which the market econ- omy benefits from countercyclical government spending. Keynesianism has been associated with public sector economic development and social programs.

Question 28

NIMBY

Answer 28

Reactions against changes happening around one’s residence. NIMBY movements are usually targeted at intensification of land use, infrastructure developments, and uses and activities that local residents do not want near them, such as strip clubs, halfway houses, group homes, and landfills. These movements can be locally based or consist of federations of local groups

Question 29

NEW URBANISM

Answer 29

An urban design movement proposing a return to pre–World War II urban development features and vernacular architecture. New urbanism designs emphasize the orientation of buildings toward the street, a grid street pattern, a diversity of housing types and uses, human-scale built form, ga- rages in back lanes, and urban infrastructure facilitating a vari- ety of transportation modes besides the car. Architects Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk have been two of the most vocal and prolific champions of the New Urbanism movement.

Question 30

RECENTRALIZATION

Answer 30

the concentration of power in a central authority that had previously been delegated to regional and local authorities.
- the act or process of centralizing a system, company, country, etc. (= removing authority to one central place) again, after this has already been done once or more

Question 31

SUBURBANIZATION

Answer 31

Non-central population and economic growth occurring in tandem with the spatial expansion of an urban area.

Question 32

URBAN INERTIA

Answer 32

Inertia means a tendency to do nothing or to remain unchanged.

Question 33

URBAN RENEWAL

Answer 33

Strategic reuse of an area of the city that is underused and often run down due to forces of change and transition. Urban renewal schemes are usually planned comprehensively under the direction of professional planners and at least partially funded by one or more levels of government.

Question 34

TOWER-IN-THE-PARK

Answer 34

Model of urban development conceived by Le Corbusier, which consists of high-rise buildings set in a park-like environment. The model has been popular all over the world and has been criticized by Jane Jacobs, among many others.

Question 35

COGNITIVE-CULTURAL CAPITALISM

Answer 35

A term used to describe the contemporary economy. It is associated with the increased use of digital technologies, alongside the increasing prevalence of cultural and knowl- edge-intensive (cognitive) work leading to the growth of technology-intensive, service, financial, craft, and cultural industries.
- AKA cognitive-cultural economy

Question 36

CREATIVE CLASS

Answer 36

A term coined by Richard Florida to describe a segment of the labour force that he argues is responsible for driving economic growth and prosperity in the twenty-first century. The creative class is composed of professional and knowledge-intensive occupations (jobs) where people create new ideas, new technologies, and new creative content.

Question 37

KNOWLEDGE-BASED ECONOMY

Answer 37

Perspective by which economic development increasingly depends on the presence of an educated workforce. The importance of knowledge in the econ- omy is related to deindustrialization, automation, and the growth of the high-order tertiary sector.

Question 38

KNOWLEDGE-INTENSIVE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

Answer 38

That part of the economy based on ideas and higher-order services, as op- posed to manufacturing and primary (resource) production.

Question 39

PLATFORM ECONOMY

Answer 39

The growing predominance of firms using digital technologies and algorithms to match buyers and suppliers of a good or service. Examples of firms leading the platform economy are Airbnb and Uber.

Question 40

POST-FORDISM

Answer 40

The period succeeding Fordism, characterized by a dismantling of Fordist mechanisms and their replacement by more market-oriented (neo-liberal) processes.

Question 41

WINNER-TAKES-ALL-URBANISM

Answer 41

Condition that allows a very small number of “superstar” cities—usually large cities with a high proportion of highly educated workers and dynamic clusters of economic activity—to accrue the wealth and ben- efits of innovation and creativity-oriented economic activ- ity. This situation is posited to lead to the growth of political unrest, the rise of populism, and growing levels of inter- and intra-urban inequality.

Question 42

EDGE CITIES

Answer 42

Concentrations of employment and retail located at the fringe of large metropolitan areas in an otherwise traditionally lower-density suburban area.

Question 43

ETHNOBURB

Answer 43

A suburban area hosting a concentration of minority ethnic residents and businesses. Such areas have become points of entry for new immigrants.

Question 44

EXURBAN

Answer 44

Refers to portions of metropolitan regions located beyond the suburbs in environments that are still predominantly rural.

Question 45

GHETTOS

Answer 45

Spaces in cities that segregate low-income and/or minority households who lack the freedom, as a consequence of income and/or prejudice, to move into residential zones elsewhere in the city. Originally used in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and early twentieth centuries to refer to neighbourhoods that housed segregated Jewish populations.

Question 46

GLOBAL CITY

Answer 46

Very large cities that interact as much (if not more)—in terms of the flows of information, finances, goods, and people—with other places globally as with cities in their own country, and where growth is propelled by global rather than local factors. Various typologies rank different cities on a global hierarchy.

Question 47

MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENT

Answer 47

Forms of urban development that comprise different types of activities. Mixed-use developments are often proposed as an instrument to reduce the dependence on the automobile.

Question 48

NEO-LIBERAL

Answer 48

Tendency for a withdrawal of governments from the economic and social scene, so as to increase reliance on the private sector and market processes. Neo-liberalism was meant to reverse Keynesian policies.

Question 49

SUBURBANISM

Answer 49

A diversity of ways of living, generally occurring at the urban periphery, distinct from the ways people generally live their lives in the city or in the countryside. In a North American context, suburban ways of living are often, but not always, associated with car use and single-family-dwelling ownership. Suburban ways of living can also be found in some central locations.

Question 50

TECHNOBURB

Answer 50

Concentrations of high-tech industries in a suburban setting, the outcome of the movement of employment away from central cities permitted by advances in information and communications technology.

Question 51

WALKABILITY

Answer 51

Configurations of urban space that are pedestrian-friendly and so promote walking from place to place within walkable sub-areas. A major goal of twenty-first-century land-use planning is to increase the walkability of Canadian cities.

Question 52

AUTOMATED DATA

Answer 52

Generated automatically and collected in multiple ways. Automated data are produced via capture systems, which means that by performing a task, data are captured about that task. For example, every time you scan an item through a checkout at a grocery store (and use either a loyalty card or a digital form of payment such as a credit or debit card), information is collected about who purchased the item and when it was purchased. Digital devices like mobile phones can record and communicate the history of their use. Automated data are also generated through clickstream data that record how you navigate through a website or an app. Even in your university courses, when you participate in an online learning management system, data are collected on how often you log in and stay on the site. Au- tomated data are widespread and constantly being collected.

Question 53

CLUSTER (economic)

Answer 53

A dense network of geographically proximate companies and institutions that do business with one another or are related to one another in some way.

Question 54

DIGITAL CITY

Answer 54

City in which digital and mobile technologies are adopted and used—often to enhance the performance of urban services and provide data to firms, governments, and citizens.

Question 55

DIRECTED DATA

Answer 55

Usually generated by traditional forms of surveillance. In these cases, the technology is focused on a person or place by a human operator. For example, when you travel through immigration passport control at an airport, passenger details are collected and checked against various databases and this information is linked with real-time data in terms of closed- circuit television cameras, photographs, and sometimes through iris scans or fingerprints.

Question 56

PLACE MAKING

Answer 56

Planning efforts to insert physical/architectural features and events into the urban environment to help make a city or a particular part of a city more appealing, and thus more competitive locally and globally.

Question 57

SHARING-ECONOMY

Answer 57

An economic system in which assets or services are shared between private individuals, either free or for a fee, typically mediated through the Internet.

Question 58

SMART CITY

Answer 58

An urban area that uses different types of electronic data collection techniques (e.g., video cameras, sensors, apps, meters) to supply information that can then be used to manage and monitor city-wide assets and resources efficiently.

Question 59

SURVEILLANCE CITY

Answer 59

A term used to take a more critical perspective on the adoption and use of smart city strategies that identifies the growing ability of governments (and firms) to collect data on individuals and raises questions about privacy.

Question 60

VOLUNTEERED DATA

Answer 60

This refers to data generated and provided by users, though users may be unaware that their data are being collected and analyzed. The most obvious example is participating in social networking sites like Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, or Twitter, in which users post comments and observations, and upload photos. This practice results in a huge amount of information about the users, their preferences and interests, and their where- abouts. Users may not realize that the data they share about their location, lifestyles, purchases, and opinions are collected and used by social net- working sites for marketing and other purposes.