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hgeo240 > MT1 Key Terms (class) > Flashcards

MT1 Key Terms (class) Flashcards

1
Q

What does “urban” mean?

A
  • One of the ways = population centres
  • Rule of thumb: once pop hits 100,000 = qualifies as urban
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2
Q

Urbanization

A

the process whereby an increasing proportion of a society’s population resides in urban areas. powered by migration to cities
- about much more than numbers (proportions) of people – it’s also about building complex systems

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3
Q

Conurbation

A

Combination of population growth and expansion of cities = much larger area that is continuously urbanixed

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4
Q

Megalopolis

A

idea illustrates just how vast the urbanization process has become; can drive for hours and hours and never leave an urban area

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5
Q

Agricultural Surplus

A

production of food exceeds demand; storage capability
Population growth (via improved nutrition)
- Division of labour / occupation specialization

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6
Q

7 fundamental properties of cities

A
  1. production
  2. proximity
  3. reproduction
  4. capitalization
  5. governance
  6. 7.
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7
Q

What is a city?

A
  • Core of existence in a city = purpose (which can change over time eg. no long beaver pelts). Have economic foundation
  • Proximity: people, organzations, generates conditions for innovation and wealth creation
  • Reproduction: of labour force; ppl come back into picture very clearly. Immigration in canadian cities. Safe drinking water. All things in a city that make it possible for us to have healthy, productive lives. A city must be able to repoduce the people who live in it
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8
Q

Factors that drive urban development

A
  • the economy
  • demography
  • technology
  • governance
  • values
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9
Q

Two main eras of urban development <1867

A

Mercantile era (1600-1800)
Agricultural settlement era (1800-1860s)

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10
Q

Dispersed

A
  • Low density, sprawling urban areas
  • Separation of land uses
  • Emphasis on detached, single-family homes
  • New communities exclusively residential, often with curvilinear road design
  • Cities redesigned around expressways
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11
Q

Path Dependence

A

A perspective by which certain patterns and behaviours are long-lasting and difficult to alter because they are supported by existing institutional arrangements and processes.

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12
Q

Neoliberal Era

A
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13
Q

The Factory System

A

centralizes industrial production (replacing rural piece work)

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14
Q

Knowledge-Based Cities/Economy

A

Perspective by which economic development increasingly depends on the presence of an educated workforce. The importance of knowledge in the econ- omy is related to deindustrialization, automation, and the growth of the high-order tertiary sector.

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15
Q

What is/are the basis of the economy?

A

Diverse services
- “Cognitive-cultural capitalism” – work is not physically demanding, but knowledge-intensive
- More about human assets that capital assets – skilled, often highly-educated workers

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16
Q

Creative Class

A

A term coined by Richard Florida to describe a segment of the labour force that he argues is responsible for driving economic growth and prosperity in the twenty-first century. The creative class is composed of professional and knowledge-intensive occupations (jobs) where people create new ideas, new technologies, and new creative content.

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17
Q

The 3 T’s

A

Talent: desire to work near/beside other creative people
Technology: availability of high-end technologies to support innovation
Tolerant: open-minded, ‘liberal’ cultural environments

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18
Q

Active Core

A
  • Central business district
  • Active core; can go about their lives walking, cycling, etc. small distances so more active
  • 12% populatyion
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19
Q

Transit Suburb

A
  • Built between 1870-1945
  • Designed around the streetcar
  • 11% population
20
Q

Auto Suburb

A
  • 1945 obnwards
  • 69% population
21
Q

Exurban Area

A
  • Semiurban, smirural land outside often in counties
  • Ex. accreages
  • 8% population
22
Q

Ethnoburbs

A

concentration of ethnic minority residents and businesses in new outer suburbs.
- A suburban area hosting a concentration of minority ethnic residents and businesses. Such areas have become points of entry for new immigrants.

23
Q

Multi-Nodal

A

Terms for “new centres” in the suburbs
Important economic activities are clustering in suburbs

24
Q

Technoburb

A

Concentrations of high-tech industries in a suburban setting, the outcome of the movement of employ- ment away from central cities permitted by advances in information and communications technology.

25
Q

Edge Cities

A

Concentrations of employment and retail located at the fringe of large metropolitan areas in an otherwise traditionally lower-density suburban area.

26
Q

Suburban Downtowns

A

“Fully-developed” edge cities that mimic traditional CBD

27
Q

Globalization

A

Globalization is as much about people as it is about goods, services and ideas.

28
Q

Aerotropolis

A

A new manifestation of an old geographical pattern – the clustering of economic activities around transport hubs

29
Q

Characteristics of a polarized city

A

Population incr. falls into either high or low income groups (with declining middle class)
- Distribution of incomes is skewed towards extremes
- Inequality tends to increase with each step up the urban hierarchy (reflects the cost of globalization)

30
Q

Digital City

A

City in which digital and mobile technologies are adopted and used—often to enhance the performance of urban services and provide data to firms, governments, and citizens.

31
Q

Smart City

A

An urban area that uses different types of electronic data collection techniques (e.g., video cameras, sensors, apps, meters) to supply information that can then be used to manage and monitor city-wide assets and resources efficiently.

32
Q

Three main categories of big data

A
  1. Directed data
  2. Automated data
  3. Volunteered data
33
Q

directed Data

A

Collected in particular places by particular people (e.g. when passing through an airport)
- Info collected about you in a certain place
- Cant do anything about it happening

34
Q

Automated Data

A

Collected by capture systems (e.g. grocery store checkouts; websites; university IT systems)
- Using credit or debit card; creates a form of data about your purchasing habits
- Element or surveillance

35
Q

Volunteered Data

A

Generated and provided by users of social media platforms (comments, photos, etc.)
- “Users may not realize that the data they share about their location, lifestyles, purchases and opinions are collected” (p71)
- Willingly provided; Want engagement, time on platform; sending things you dont like = increases your engagement

36
Q

Sharing Economy

A

An economic system in which assets or services are shared between private individuals, either free or for a fee, typically mediated through the Internet.

37
Q

Platform Economy

A

The growing predominance of firms using digital technologies and algorithms to match buyers and suppliers of a good or service. Examples of firms leading the platform economy are Airbnb and Uber.

38
Q

Accessibility

A

The ease of reaching valued destinations (or opportunities) within the city

39
Q

Factors that influence how accessible (or not) a destination is

A
  • Distance from point of origin
  • Cost (money and time)
  • Available travel modes
40
Q

Suburbanization

A

Non-central population and economic growth occurring in tandem with the spatial expansion of an urban area.

41
Q

The Transport and Land-Use Cycle

A

-> transportation -> accessibility -> land use -> activity patterns ->

42
Q

Automobility

A

Refers to the heavy reliance on the automobile as well as the influence of high levels of car use on urban form and lifestyle
- It is a self-reinforcing (or ‘self-organizing’) system
- It has profound effects on the way we live (it is fully integrated into our culture).

43
Q

velomobility

A

Cycling as a normal (routine), safe and practical form of mobility, esp. for short- and medium- length journeys
- Recognizes the efficiency of the bicycle for journeys in 2-10km range
- Cannot be achieved by individual cyclists alone (requires infrastructure and a ‘critical mass’)

44
Q

The Street

A
  • Facilitates multiple mobilities
  • Provides access to varied land uses (incl. small retail)
  • Prioritizes pedestrians, cyclists and transit
  • Engineered to be safe and inviting for diverse users
  • Functions as a public space and provides access to other public spaces (squares, parks)
45
Q

The Road

A
  • Facilitates automobility
  • Limited connections to nearby land uses
  • Prioritizes one type of user: drivers
    Engineered to allow fast, efficient car travel
  • Not intended for access to public spaces (and often presents a barrier to access for other users)
46
Q

The Stroad

A
  • The worst of both worlds!! Combination of both
  • Neither fast and efficient for vehicles, nor safe and inviting for pedestrians and cyclists
  • A wide road with multiple vehicle lanes, and many controlled intersections
  • Many connections to nearby land uses (esp. box retailers, business parks)
  • Cars continuously enter and exit through intersections, side streets, and driveways
  • Large surface parking lots
47
Q

neo-liberal

A

Tendency for a withdrawal of governments from the economic and social scene, so as to increase reliance on the private sector and market processes. Neo-liberalism was meant to reverse Keynesian policies.

hgeo240 (2 decks)

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