MT1 Key Terms (class)

Question 1

What does “urban” mean?

Answer 1

• One of the ways = population centres
• Rule of thumb: once pop hits 100,000 = qualifies as urban

Question 2

Urbanization

Answer 2

the process whereby an increasing proportion of a society’s population resides in urban areas. powered by migration to cities
- about much more than numbers (proportions) of people – it’s also about building complex systems

Question 3

Conurbation

Answer 3

Combination of population growth and expansion of cities = much larger area that is continuously urbanixed

Question 4

Megalopolis

Answer 4

idea illustrates just how vast the urbanization process has become; can drive for hours and hours and never leave an urban area

Question 5

Agricultural Surplus

Answer 5

production of food exceeds demand; storage capability
Population growth (via improved nutrition)
- Division of labour / occupation specialization

Question 6

7 fundamental properties of cities

Answer 6

1. production
2. proximity
3. reproduction
4. capitalization
5. governance
6. 7.

Question 7

What is a city?

Answer 7

• Core of existence in a city = purpose (which can change over time eg. no long beaver pelts). Have economic foundation
• Proximity: people, organzations, generates conditions for innovation and wealth creation
• Reproduction: of labour force; ppl come back into picture very clearly. Immigration in canadian cities. Safe drinking water. All things in a city that make it possible for us to have healthy, productive lives. A city must be able to repoduce the people who live in it

Question 8

Factors that drive urban development

Answer 8

• the economy
• demography
• technology
• governance
• values

Question 9

Two main eras of urban development <1867

Answer 9

Mercantile era (1600-1800)
Agricultural settlement era (1800-1860s)

Question 10

Dispersed

Answer 10

• Low density, sprawling urban areas
• Separation of land uses
• Emphasis on detached, single-family homes
• New communities exclusively residential, often with curvilinear road design
• Cities redesigned around expressways

Question 11

Path Dependence

Answer 11

A perspective by which certain patterns and behaviours are long-lasting and difficult to alter because they are supported by existing institutional arrangements and processes.

Question 12

Neoliberal Era

Question 13

The Factory System

Answer 13

centralizes industrial production (replacing rural piece work)

Question 14

Knowledge-Based Cities/Economy

Answer 14

Perspective by which economic development increasingly depends on the presence of an educated workforce. The importance of knowledge in the econ- omy is related to deindustrialization, automation, and the growth of the high-order tertiary sector.

Question 15

What is/are the basis of the economy?

Answer 15

Diverse services
- “Cognitive-cultural capitalism” – work is not physically demanding, but knowledge-intensive
- More about human assets that capital assets – skilled, often highly-educated workers

Question 16

Creative Class

Answer 16

A term coined by Richard Florida to describe a segment of the labour force that he argues is responsible for driving economic growth and prosperity in the twenty-first century. The creative class is composed of professional and knowledge-intensive occupations (jobs) where people create new ideas, new technologies, and new creative content.

Question 17

The 3 T’s

Answer 17

Talent: desire to work near/beside other creative people
Technology: availability of high-end technologies to support innovation
Tolerant: open-minded, ‘liberal’ cultural environments

Question 18

Active Core

Answer 18

• Central business district
• Active core; can go about their lives walking, cycling, etc. small distances so more active
• 12% populatyion

Question 19

Transit Suburb

Answer 19

• Built between 1870-1945
• Designed around the streetcar
• 11% population

Question 20

Auto Suburb

Answer 20

• 1945 obnwards
• 69% population

Question 21

Exurban Area

Answer 21

• Semiurban, smirural land outside often in counties
• Ex. accreages
• 8% population

Question 22

Ethnoburbs

Answer 22

concentration of ethnic minority residents and businesses in new outer suburbs.
- A suburban area hosting a concentration of minority ethnic residents and businesses. Such areas have become points of entry for new immigrants.

Question 23

Multi-Nodal

Answer 23

Terms for “new centres” in the suburbs
Important economic activities are clustering in suburbs

Question 24

Technoburb

Answer 24

Concentrations of high-tech industries in a suburban setting, the outcome of the movement of employ- ment away from central cities permitted by advances in information and communications technology.

Question 25

Edge Cities

Answer 25

Concentrations of employment and retail located at the fringe of large metropolitan areas in an otherwise traditionally lower-density suburban area.

Question 26

Suburban Downtowns

Answer 26

“Fully-developed” edge cities that mimic traditional CBD

Question 27

Globalization

Answer 27

Globalization is as much about people as it is about goods, services and ideas.

Question 28

Aerotropolis

Answer 28

A new manifestation of an old geographical pattern – the clustering of economic activities around transport hubs

Question 29

Characteristics of a polarized city

Answer 29

Population incr. falls into either high or low income groups (with declining middle class) - Distribution of incomes is skewed towards extremes - Inequality tends to increase with each step up the urban hierarchy (reflects the cost of globalization)

Question 30

Digital City

Answer 30

City in which digital and mobile technologies are adopted and used—often to enhance the performance of urban services and provide data to firms, governments, and citizens.

Question 31

Smart City

Answer 31

An urban area that uses different types of electronic data collection techniques (e.g., video cameras, sensors, apps, meters) to supply information that can then be used to manage and monitor city-wide assets and resources efficiently.

Question 32

Three main categories of big data

Answer 32

1. Directed data 2. Automated data 3. Volunteered data

Question 33

directed Data

Answer 33

Collected in particular places by particular people (e.g. when passing through an airport) - Info collected about you in a certain place - Cant do anything about it happening

Question 34

Automated Data

Answer 34

Collected by capture systems (e.g. grocery store checkouts; websites; university IT systems) - Using credit or debit card; creates a form of data about your purchasing habits - Element or surveillance

Question 35

Volunteered Data

Answer 35

Generated and provided by users of social media platforms (comments, photos, etc.) - “Users may not realize that the data they share about their location, lifestyles, purchases and opinions are collected” (p71) - Willingly provided; Want engagement, time on platform; sending things you dont like = increases your engagement

Question 36

Sharing Economy

Answer 36

An economic system in which assets or services are shared between private individuals, either free or for a fee, typically mediated through the Internet.

Question 37

Platform Economy

Answer 37

The growing predominance of firms using digital technologies and algorithms to match buyers and suppliers of a good or service. Examples of firms leading the platform economy are Airbnb and Uber.

Question 38

Accessibility

Answer 38

The ease of reaching valued destinations (or opportunities) within the city

Question 39

Factors that influence how accessible (or not) a destination is

Answer 39

- Distance from point of origin - Cost (money and time) - Available travel modes

Question 40

Suburbanization

Answer 40

Non-central population and economic growth occurring in tandem with the spatial expansion of an urban area.

Question 41

The Transport and Land-Use Cycle

Answer 41

-> transportation -> accessibility -> land use -> activity patterns ->

Question 42

Automobility

Answer 42

Refers to the heavy reliance on the automobile as well as the influence of high levels of car use on urban form and lifestyle - It is a self-reinforcing (or ‘self-organizing’) system - It has profound effects on the way we live (it is fully integrated into our culture).

Question 43

velomobility

Answer 43

Cycling as a normal (routine), safe and practical form of mobility, esp. for short- and medium- length journeys - Recognizes the efficiency of the bicycle for journeys in 2-10km range - Cannot be achieved by individual cyclists alone (requires infrastructure and a ‘critical mass’)

Question 44

The Street

Answer 44

- Facilitates multiple mobilities - Provides access to varied land uses (incl. small retail) - Prioritizes pedestrians, cyclists and transit - Engineered to be safe and inviting for diverse users - Functions as a public space and provides access to other public spaces (squares, parks)

Question 45

The Road

Answer 45

- Facilitates automobility - Limited connections to nearby land uses - Prioritizes one type of user: drivers Engineered to allow fast, efficient car travel - Not intended for access to public spaces (and often presents a barrier to access for other users)

Question 46

The Stroad

Answer 46

- The worst of both worlds!! Combination of both - Neither fast and efficient for vehicles, nor safe and inviting for pedestrians and cyclists - A wide road with multiple vehicle lanes, and many controlled intersections - Many connections to nearby land uses (esp. box retailers, business parks) - Cars continuously enter and exit through intersections, side streets, and driveways - Large surface parking lots

Question 47

neo-liberal

Answer 47

Tendency for a withdrawal of governments from the economic and social scene, so as to increase reliance on the private sector and market processes. Neo-liberalism was meant to reverse Keynesian policies.