MT1 Flashcards
1
Q
- virtus / res publica; Consuls in ancient Rome and their military guard
A
- who: roman citizens, consuls: elected magistrates who commanded the army
- What: virtus- ideal of manliness and excellence // res publica- public affairs or the state
- When:
- Where: Ancient Rome
- Why: foundational to roman governance and military structure
2
Q
- Roman empire: Pax Romana / Imperium
A
- who: roman emperors, citizens
- What: Pax Romana was a period of peace and stability // imperium referred to the legal authority granted to common
- When:
- Where:
- Why: Pax Romana allowed for economic prosperity and cultural flourishing // imperium was essential for maintaining order and control
3
Q
- Virgil’s Aeneid and “manifest destiny” (Aeneas’s destiny to do what?)
A
- who: Aeneas (trojan hero), son of Venus
- What: Aeneid is an epic poem by Virgil —> he was fated to laythefoundationsforwhatwouldeventuallybecomeRome.
- When: aftermath of the Trojan War, with Aeneas’s journey takingplaceoverseveralyears
-Where: FromthefallencityofTroy,acrosstheMediterraneanSea,throughvariouslands,andfinallytoItaly. - Why: the Aeneid was meant to legitimize roman imperial rule and connect it to the divine -> This narrative was also meant to glorifyRome’soriginsanditsimperialdestiny.
4
Q
communes in middle ages
A
- who: italian fascists- policiatl movement led by Benito Mussolini, which sought to create totalitarian state in Italy
- What: independent city-states in medieval Italy that had their own gov., laws, armies
- These communes were forms of municipal self-government, playing a significant role in political, economic, and cultural development of Italy
- When: 12th-14th centuries
- Where: italian peninsula- cities like Florence, Venice, Milan, Genoa, and bologna
- Why: communes emerged due to the decline of feudal authority and the need for local governance
- What: independent city-states in medieval Italy that had their own gov., laws, armies
5
Q
- Wars between France and Spain (1500s)
A
- who: monarchs and military leaders of France and spain, including Francis I of France and Charles V of Spain
- What: series of conflicts known as the Italian wars, fought primarily for control over italian territories
- When: 1494-1559
- Where: italian peninsula, with significant battles in regions like Lombardy, Naples, and Milan
- Why: rivalry for dominance in Europe, particularly over wealthy and strategically important italian states
- Control of Italy meant access to trade routes, resources, wealth
6
Q
- Habsburg dynasty/ austrian yoke:
A
- Territories: rules over Austria, Hungary, Spain, Netherlands and parts of Italy
- Rulers: charles V, Ferdinand I, and Maria Theresa
- In italy: they expanded their influence into Italy -> after war of the Spanish succession, Austria gained control of seven italian territories, including duchy of Milan and kingdom of Naples
- Kingdom of lombardy-venetia: establish in 1815, this kingdom was a crown land of the Austrian empire (capital first in midland then in Venice)
- Austrian monarchs: Austrian emperors, such as Francis I and Ferdinand I, ruled Lombardy- Venetia
7
Q
- Risorgimento (include dates, 3 main Italian leaders)
A
- who: garibaldi did fighting, Cavour did the politics, Mazzini did the thinking
- What: movement for political and social Italian unification
- When: 19th century, key events for 1815 to 1871
- Where: thuoghout italian peninsula, with significant actions in siciliy, Naples, and the Papal States
- Why: driven by nationalistic and liberal ideals, aiming to unify the various independent states and territories into a single nation
8
Q
Giuseppe Garibaldi:
A
military leader known for his campaigns in southern italian
- democrat, fought in South America against Brazilian empire
- 1848: came back to italy to fight in italy to fight against Austrian yoke
- military hero AND accepted to cooperate with savoy king
- Pragmatist and worked with monarchy to conquer southern Italy in 1860
- sailed to genoa to the south to fight local monarchy
- got a little help from the british navy in 1860
9
Q
Count Camillo di Cavour
A
prime misnomer of the kingdom of Sardinia and a key diplomat in unification process
- Persuaded Garibaldi to hand over conquest of Naples to the king
10
Q
Giuseppe Mazzini (1830s-40s)
A
- ideological leader who promoted the idea of a unified italian republic
- Ideology: republic and nothing sort of republic
11
Q
- North / South divide
A
- who: citizens and politicians of northern and southern italy
- What: economic, social, and cultural differences between the industrialized north and agragarian south
- When: divide has historical roots but became more pronounced after italian unification in the late 19th century
- Where: northern Italy (Lombardy, Veneto, Piedmont) vs. Southern Italy (Sicily, Calabria, Campania)
- Why: economic disparities, historical development patterns, and regional identities contribute to the divide
12
Q
- labour-intensive Northern Italian “industrial agriculture” (vs. the South)
A
- who: farmers and agricultural workers in northern italy
- What: intensive farming practices, often involving large-scale production of crops like rice and what
- When: prominent int he late 19th and early 20th centuries
- Where: northern Italy, especially po valley
- Why: fertile land and availability of water sources in the north allowed for more intensive farming practices compared to the more arid south
13
Q
- House of Savoy: Victor Emmanuel II
A
- who: Victor Emmanuel II was the king of Sardinia from 1849-1861, first king of a united Italy from 1861-1878
- What: house of savoy was a ruling dynasty that played a key role in unification of Italy
- When: Victor Emmanuel II reigned form 1861 to 1878
- Where: initially ruled the kingdom of Sardinia, later became king of italy
- Why: leadership and support for unification efforts were crucial in bringing together various italian states
14
Q
- Adowa / Adua
A
- who: italian forces vs Ethiopian forces led by emperor menelik II
- What: battle of adowa, significant military defeat for Italy by Ethiopian troops
- 1898: This battle created budget problems and increased the price of bread for workers -> led to bread riots in Milan
- troops were brought in, used cannons against rioting masses (killed more than 100)
- 1898: This battle created budget problems and increased the price of bread for workers -> led to bread riots in Milan
- When: defeat on march 1 1896
- Where: near town of adware in northern Ethiopia
- Why: Italy sought to expand its colonial holdings in Africa, but the battle ended in decisive victory for Ethiopian forces, tainting their independence
- What: battle of adowa, significant military defeat for Italy by Ethiopian troops
15
Q
- Libya / Libyan war
A
- who: italy vs ottoman empire
- What: italo-turkish war, which resulted in italian colonization of libya
- When: 1911-1912
- Where: Libya
- Why: Italy sought to expand its colonial empire in North Africa
- 50th anniversary of unification from 1861
16
Q
- Giovanni Giolitti
A
- who: italian statesman and prime minister
- What: giollitti was known for his role in italian politics during early 20th century and his attempts at modernization and social reform (stabilization era)
- When: giolitti’s political career spanned from late 19th century to early 20th century, with several terms as prime minister between 1892 and 1921
- Where:
- Why: aimed to create more modern and economically developed Italy though progressive policies
17
Q
- Filippo Tommaso Marinetti / Futurism
A
- who: an italian poet and editor
- What: Marinetti founded the futurist movement, which emphasized speed, technology, youth, and violence
- When: began in 1909 with marionette’s publication of the futurist manifesto
- Where:
- Why: futurism sought to reject the past and celebrate the dynamism of the modern world
18
Q
- Umberto Boccioni
A
- who: italian painter and sculptor
- What: leading figure int he futurist movement, known for his dynamic sculptures and paintings that captured movement and energy
- When: boccioni was active int eh early 20th century until his death in 1916
- Where:
- Why: bocconi aimed to express Futurist ideals of modernity and dynamism in his art
19
Q
- Amedeo Modigliani
A
- who: italian painter and sculptor
- What: known for his distinctive portraits and uses with elongated forms and faces, contrast boccioni
- When: Modigliani was active int he early 20th century until his death in 1920
- Where: born in Livorno Italy, worked in Paris, France
- Why: modiglioni’s work as influenced by variety of styles, but he developed a unique, recognizable artistic voice
20
Q
- Giorgio De Chirico
A
- who: italian painter
- What: pioneers of the metaphysical art movement, known for his eerie, dreamlike cityscapes
- When: active primarily in the early 20th century
- Where: italy and france
- Why: his work sought to explore mysterious and irrational aspects of human experience
21
Q
- Popolo d’Italia
A
- who: founded by Benito Mussolini
- Funded by British, French, and fiat- What: newspaper that served as mouthpiece for Mussolini’s fascist ideas
- When: established in 1914
- Where:
- Why: used to promote fascist ideology and Mussolini’s political agenda
22
Q
- Treaty of London (include date)
A
- who: Italy and the allied powers (Britain, France, and russia)
- Signed by Italy, UK, France, and russia- What: secret treaty promising Italy territorial gains in exchange for joining the allies in WWI
- When: signed on April 26, 1915
- Where: London, UK
- Italy was promised: Trieste, southern tyrol, northern Dalmatia, and parts of the Ottoman Empire
- Why: Italy sought to expand its territory and influence by joining war on side of allies
- ThemaingoalwastoenticeItalytojointhewaronthesideoftheTripleEntentebypromisingterritorialgains
23
Q
- Caporetto
A
- who: italian army vs. Austro-hungarian and German forces
- What: battle of caporetto, significant defeat for Italy during WWI
- When: oct 24 to nov 19,1917
- Where: near kobarid (present day Slovenia)
- Why: battle demonstrated weaknesses in italian military and had significant political and social repercussions
24
Q
arditi
A
- who: italian elite storm troops
- What: special units known for their daring and aggressive tactics during WWI
- When: formed in 1917
- Where:
- Why: they were created to break stalemate of French warfare with shock tactics and high-risk operations
25
Q
- Gabriele D’Annunzio
A
- who: italian poet, playwright, and nationalist
- He inspired Benito Mussolini- What: known for his role in occupation of Fiume and his influence on fascist ideology
- He seized the city in defiance of the treaty of London, proclaiming it an independent state
- When: occupied fiume from 1919 to 1920
- Where: fiume (now Croatia)
- Why: d’annunzio’s actions and ideas were a precursor to Mussolini’s fascist movement
- What: known for his role in occupation of Fiume and his influence on fascist ideology
26
Q
- W. Wilson & Treaty of Versailles
A
- who: US president Woodrow Wilson and other allied leaders
- What: ended WWI and imposed harsh penalties on Germany
- When: signed on June 28, 1919
- Where: versailles, france
- Why: treaty aimed to prevent future wars by disarming Germany and making they pay reparations, but also contributed to conditions that led to WWII
27
Q
- South Tyrol and Istria
A
- who: inhabitants of South Tyrol and stria, italian and Austrian officials
- What: territories that were contested and changed hands after WWI
- When: annexed by Italy after WWI, with South Tyrol in 1919 and istrian in 1920
- Where: south troll and istria
- Why: these regions were significant due to their strategic locations (mountains) and mixed ethnic populations
28
Q
- “mutilated victory” (to what extent really such?)
A
- who: italian nationalists and politicians
- What: refers to italy’s dissatisfaction with territorial gains made after WWI
- No Dalmatia, tyrol, or istria, no carving up of former Turkish empire
- When: post WWI, 1919
- Where:
- Why: despite being on the winning side, Italy felt betrayed by allies as they didn’t receive all territories promised in treaty of London
- What: refers to italy’s dissatisfaction with territorial gains made after WWI
29
Q
- Piazza San Sepolcro and its populist program
A
- who: italian fascists led by Benito Mussolini
- What: founding meeting of the fascist movement
- Anti-imperialist, left wing
- When: march 23, 1919
- Where: piazza san sepolcro, Milan, Italy
- Why: this meeting marked establishment of fascist political movement, who promoted nationalism and anti-socialism
- What: founding meeting of the fascist movement
30
Q
- scio, plur. fasci
A
- who: members of various revolutionary and political groups
- What: fascia were local groups that organized around political causes, including the fasci siciliani
- When: late 19th and early 20th centuries
- Where: siciliy, italy
- Why: these groups sought to address issues like labour rights, social justice, and nationalist causes
31
Q
- Fiume (include dates)
A
- who: Gabriele d’annunzio and his followers
- What: occupation of the city of fiume, symbol of mutilated victory
- When: september 12, 1919 to december 29, 1920
- Where: Fiume, port city in the Adriatic Sea
- Why: d’annunzio occupied film to assert italian claims and as a demonstration of nationalist fervor
32
Q
- PNF and other parties in the Italian parliament of 1921
A
- who: nationalist fascist party (PNF), socialist party, catholic popular party, etc
- What: political landscape in Italy during early 1920s
- PNF: fascist
- PLI: king
- PPI: catholics
- When: 1921, in 1923 Fascism absorbs nationalism
- Where:
- Why: fragmented political situation allowed fascists to gain power by exploiting divisions among other parties
- What: political landscape in Italy during early 1920s
33
Q
- camicie nere/ / “ras” (in which regions mostly? why there especially?)
A
- who: blakshirts (camicie nere) were paramilitary wing of the italian fascist party, and local fascist leaders (ras)
- What: paramilitary groups and regional leaders who supported fascism
- Used violence and intimidation to support Mussolini
- When: 1920s
- Where: northern Italy and central Italy, especially in regions like emilia-romagna and Lombardy
- Why: these regions had strong socialist and communist movements, which fascists sought to counter
- What: paramilitary groups and regional leaders who supported fascism
34
Q
- March on Rome
A
- who: Benito Mussolini and fascist party
- What: mass demonstration and military insurrection that led to Mussolini’s rise to power
- When: October 27-29, 1922
- Where: various parts of Italy to rome
- Why: fascists aimed to seize power and establish a new political order
35
Q
- Acerbo bill
A
- who: giacomo acerbo, fascist party
- What: electoral law that ensured a two-thirds majority in parliament fro party with most votes
- Whoever had 25% of the vote gained 60% of the seats in parliament
- When: passed in 1923
- Where:
- Why: to consolidate fascist power by guaranteeing parliamentary majority
- What: electoral law that ensured a two-thirds majority in parliament fro party with most votes
36
Q
Piero Gobetti
A
italian journalist, intellectual, and anti-fascist -> radical liberal who founded the review energy nov and later la rivoluzione liberale, promoting cultural and political renewal
- Strong critic of fascism, died premaurely due to violence
37
Q
Giovanni Amendola
A
italian political and anti-fascist -> member of the Italian liberal party, vocal opponent of Mussolini
- Assassinated by fascist in 1925, caused outrage
38
Q
Don Giovanni minzioni
A
catholic priest and anti-fact activist -> known for his strong opposition to fascism and support for social justice
- Murder in 1923 by fascists
39
Q
Giacomi Matteotti:
A
italian socialist politician and critic of Mussolini -> assasined in 1924 after denouncing fascist party’s electoral fraude
- His murder led to the Matteotti crisis
40
Q
Rosseli brothers
A
anti-fascists activists -> Carlo founded anti-fascist movement, while hello was involved in other activities
- assassinated by fascist agents in 1937
41
Q
- Matteotti murders
A
- Giacomo matteotti was kindapped and murder by fascist thugs on June 10, 1924 -> Boyd was discovered two months later
- His murder threatened to topple Mussolini’s government
- Initially weakened Mussolini’s opposition, but he managed to consolidate power by cracking down on dissent
- The murder led to the establishment of Mussolini’s totalitarian regime
- Demonstrated the lengths to which fascists would go to maintain power and suppress opposition
42
Q
- Aventine hill (Aventine Secession) and inability/unwillingness of anti-Fs to cooperate
A
- who: anti-fascist members of the italian parliament
- What: political protest where anti-fascists withdrew from parliament
- When: 1924
- Where: aventine hill, Rome, Italy
- Why: to protest murder of Giacomo Matteotti and rise of fascism, but their disunity weakened their opposition
43
Q
- “Consuls’ ” /Ras’ rebellion triggering—> Speech of 3rd Jan 1925
A
- who: fascist regional leaders (ras) and Benito Mussolini, consuls= highest elected political officials of the roman republic
- What: MussolinitookpersonalresponsibilityfortheactionsofhisBlackshirts,challengedhispoliticalopponentstoremovehimfromoffice,andpromisedtorestoreordertoItalywithinforty-eighthours
- Mussolini’s speech ‘I and I alone’
-ledtothecompletedismantlingofdemocraticinstitutionsandtheestablishmentofatotalitarianregimeunderMussolini
- Mussolini’s speech ‘I and I alone’
- When: January 3, 1925
- Where: rome
- Why: mussolini’s speech marked his consolidation of power and crackdown on dissent within party (dictatorship)
- What: MussolinitookpersonalresponsibilityfortheactionsofhisBlackshirts,challengedhispoliticalopponentstoremovehimfromoffice,andpromisedtorestoreordertoItalywithinforty-eighthours
44
Q
- Rocco penal code and other tools of the totalitarian State
A
- who: Alfredo rocco (italian minister of justice at the time), fascist regime
- What: legal and administrative measures to enforce fascist control —> comprehensive list of crimes and their responding punishments, reintroducing capital punishment for a range of offences
- When: introduced in 1930
- Why: to establish a totalitarian state by regulating and repressing dissent —> even after the fall of the fascist regime,it remained in force in Italy, gradually amended over the years
45
Q
- OVRA (Opera Vigilanza Repressione Antifascista) and other tools of the totalitarian State
A
- who: fascist secret police and government agencies
- What: organizations for surveillance and repression of anti-fascist activities
- When: establish in 1927
- Why: to maintain fascist control and suppress opposition
46
Q
- confino and other tools of the totalitarian State
A
- who: italian citizens, especially anti-fascists
- What: internal exile as a form of punishment for political dissent
- Confino: confinement/ banishment to south
- When: 1920s-1940s
- Where: remote areas of Italy
- Why: to isolate and silence those that were anti-fascist
- What: internal exile as a form of punishment for political dissent
47
Q
- podestà, federale and other tools of the totalitarian State
A
- who: fascist appointees
- What: local officials who replaced elected mayors and other positions
- Podesta: fascist regional leaders of each province
- When: 1920s-1940s
- Where:
- Why: to ensure local governance aligned with fascist policies
- What: local officials who replaced elected mayors and other positions
48
Q
- Grand Council / Gran Consiglio and other tools of the totalitarian State
A
- who: senior fascist leaders, including mussolini
- What: highest governing body of the fascist party
- Parallel system to parliament, slap in the face to the king
- When: establish in 1922
- Where:
- Why: centralize decision making and reinforce fascist ideology
- What: highest governing body of the fascist party
49
Q
- Philosophy: the monado - anarco - solipsistic roots of early F transmitted through Futurism
A
- who: early fascist thinkers and futurist
- What: philosophical ideas that influenced early fascist ideology, including focus on individualism, anarchy, and self-centred existence
- When: early 20th century
- Where:
- Why: these ideas were embraced by futurist and later incorporated into fascist thought to promote radical change and reject traditional values
50
Q
- Leo Merumeci vs. the Ardengos in Time of Indifference / Gli indifferenti
A
- Leo merumeci: symbolizes opportunism and moral corruption —> leo’s manipulative and predatory behaviour represent moral decay and opportunism prevalent in italian society during fascism
- Ardengos: moral indifference, decay of old aristocracy, and vulnerability and struggle for autonomy- What: portrayal of the moral and social decay in fascist italy
- When: published in 1929
- Where:
- Why: novel critiques indifference and moral compromise in italian society under fascism
51
Q
«How sweet the world / Must have been before man»
A
- who: italian existentialist poets, such as Giuseppe Ungaretti
- What: reflects a sense of nostalgia and longing for a time before human intervention -> there was beauty of the natural world, suggesting that humanity’s presence has Brough complexity and degradation
- Questions the value ro consequence of human existence- When: early to mid 20th century
52
Q
«This, today, is all that we can tell you: /Whatwe are not, what we do not want»
A
- who: italian existentialist poets, such as Giuseppe Ungaretti
- What: existential angst of defining identity and purpose through negation -> emphasizes struggle to articulate who we are by focusing on what we are not and what we reject
- Reflect existential crisis, where clarity and self-deffiniton come from understanding one’s boundaries and refusals rather than affirmations
- When: early to mid 20th century
- What: existential angst of defining identity and purpose through negation -> emphasizes struggle to articulate who we are by focusing on what we are not and what we reject
53
Q
- Mario Sironi vs. Giorgio Morandi
A
- who: italian painters
- What: sironi- associated with fascist propaganda art, sad and depressed works/ Morandi- focused on still lives and subtle explorations of form, not very fascist
- When: active in early to mid 20th century
- Where:
- Why: sironi’s work reflect fascist ideology and monumentalism, morandi’s art offered quiet, introspective counterpoint
54
Q
- Architecture, Urban planning: «EUR» («EUR 42») & Palazzo della Civiltà italiana; Sabaudia
A
- who: architects and planners under Mussolini’s regime
- What: EUR district (esposizione universale roma) and palazzo della civiltà italiana were designed to showcase fascist ideals
- EUR 42: meant to celebrate 20 years of fascisms, brutalist modernist
- When: planned ro 1942 world’s fair, incomplete due to WWII
- Where: rome, italy, and sabadudia
- Why: projects aimed to demonstrate power and modernity of fascist Italy through grandiose and rationalist architecture
- What: EUR district (esposizione universale roma) and palazzo della civiltà italiana were designed to showcase fascist ideals
55
Q
- Maciste (film character in …?)
A
- who: maciste, character in Cabiria
- What: strongman hero featured in silent films and later italian peplum films
- When: cabiria- 1914, continued various films through mid 20 centure
- Where: italian cinema
- Why: maciste became a symbol of strength and heroism, appealing to fascist ideals of physical prowess and virtility
56
Q
- White telephones” in (for example) Genina’s The White Squadron (1936)
A
- who: italian filmmakers, such as augusto genuine
- What: white telephone films were a genre of italian cinema depicting lives of wealthy and glamorous, often with a. Focus on melodrama and romance
- When: popular in 1930s
- Why: aimed to distract and entertain public, showcasing idealized version of life under fascism
57
Q
- Mario Camerini (director discussed for making … in the year …)
A
- Why: his films often combined elements of comedy and drama, contributing to development of italian cinema
58
Q
- Scipio the African in Carmine Gallone (director discussed for making … in the year …)
A
- who: carmine gallons, italian film director
- What: directed scipio Africans, historical epic film
- When: film released in 1937
- Where:
- Why: part of fascist propaganda, highlighting roman history and military might to parallel Mussolini’s regime
59
Q
- Roberto Rossellini (director discussed for making … in the year … — More on him later)
A
- who: Roberto Rossellini, influential italian film director
- What: directing neorealist films
- When: active primarily in mid 20th century
- Where:
- Why: rossellini’s films depicted harsh realities post war Italy, contrasting sharply with fascist propaganda and contributing to neorealist movement in cinema
60
Q
Ungaretti
A
Christian existentialist
- Detest for politicians bickering over war, feelings of not belonging, opposite of d’annunzio
- Life is most valued when close to death
61
Q
Montale
A
reaction against fascist regime
- All we know is what we don’t want
62
Q
A
