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biol 2000 > MT1 > Flashcards

MT1 Flashcards

1
Q

chromatin

A

the substance of chromosomes; now known to include DNA and chromosomal proteins

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2
Q

histone

A

a type of basic protein that forms the unit around which DNA is coiled in the nucleosomes of
eukaryotic chromosomes

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3
Q

nucleosome

A

the basic unit of eukaryotic chromosome structure; a ball of eight histone molecules that
is wrapped by two coils of DNA

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4
Q

dominant phenotype

A

the parental phenotype that is expressed in a heterozygote

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5
Q

dominant allele

A

an allele that expresses its phenotypic effect even when heterozygous with a
recessive allele; thus, if A is dominant over a, then A/A and A/a have the same phenotype

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6
Q

recessive phenotype

A

– the parental phenotype that is not expressed in the heterozygote

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7
Q

recessive allele

A

an allele whose phenotypic effect is not expressed in a heterozygote

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8
Q

first filial generation (F1)

A

the first generation resulting from a controlled cross between two known
parents (P)

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9
Q

second filial generation (F2)

A

the second generation resulting from a controlled cross between two
known parents (P), generated by selfing/intercrossing the F1 generation

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10
Q

heterozygous

A

a cell/organism having different alleles at a given gene(s) (e.g. A/a)

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11
Q

homozygous

A

(= true-breeding) – a cell/organism having identical alleles at a given gene(s) (e.g. A/A or
a/a)

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12
Q

monohybrid

A

an individual heterozygous at one gene (e.g. A/a)

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13
Q

monohybrid cross

A

a cross between two individuals identically heterozygous at one gene pair, e.g. A/
a x A/a

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14
Q

product rule

A

the probability of two independent events occurring simultaneously is the product of
their individual probabilities

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15
Q

sum rule

A

the probability that one or the other of two mutually exclusive events will occur is the sum
of their individual probabilities

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16
Q

test cross

A

– a cross of an individual organism of unknown genotype or a heterozygote with a tester

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17
Q

tester

A

an individual organism homozygous for one or more recessive alleles; used in a test cross

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18
Q

gamete

A

a specialized haploid cell that fuses with a gamete of the opposite sex or mating type to form
a diploid zygote; in mammals, an egg or a sperm

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19
Q

diploid

A

a cell having two chromosome sets or an individual organism having two chromosome sets in
each of its cells

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20
Q

haploid

A

a cell having one chromosome set or an organism composed of such cells

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21
Q

chromatid

A

one of the two side by side replicas produced by chromosome replication

22
Q

sister chromatids

A

the juxtaposed pair of chromatids arising from the replication of a chromosome

23
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

chromosomes that pair with each other during meiosis and (usually) have
the same genetic loci (may have different alleles)

24
Q

meiocyte

A

a cell in which meiosis takes place

25
Q

dyad

A

a pair of sister chromatids joined at the centromere

26
Q

tetrad

A

(1) four homologous chromatids in a bundle in the first meiotic prophase and metaphase

27
Q

chiasma

A

– a cross-shaped structure commonly observed between nonsister chromatids in meiosis; the
site of crossing over

28
Q

molecular marker

A

a site of DNA heterozgosity (difference), not necessarily associated with
phenotypic variation, used as a tag for a particular chromosomal locus

29
Q

sex chromosome

A

a chromosome whose presence is correlated with the sex of an individual
autosome – any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

30
Q

homogametic sex

A

the sex with (homologous) homomorphic sex chromosomes (e.g., XX)

31
Q

heterogametic sex

A

the sex that has heteromorphic sex chromosomes (e.g., XY)

32
Q

hemizygous gene

A

a gene that is present in only one copy in a diploid organism

33
Q

reciprocal cross

A

a pair of crosses of the type genotype A (female) x genotype B (male) and B
(female) x A (male)

34
Q

sex linkage

A

the location of a gene on a sex chromosome

35
Q

genetics

A

experimental study of genes/hereditary

36
Q

gene

A

fundamental unit of hereditary

37
Q

genome

A

complement of all genes in an organism; the genetic material of a chromosome set

38
Q

mutation

A

a change in DNA sequence (as compared to wild type)

39
Q

allele

A

an alternate form of a gene (resulting from a mutation)

40
Q

genotype

A

the specific allele composition of a genep

41
Q

phenotype

A

outward manifestation of a specific genotype

42
Q

independent assortment

A

(Mendel’s 2nd Law) – unlinked or distantly linked segregating gene pairs
assort independently at meiosis

43
Q

dihybrid

A

an individual heterozygous at two genes (e.g. A/a.B/b)

44
Q

dihybrid cross

A

a cross between two individuals identically heterozygous at two gene pairs, e.g.
A/a.B/b x A/a.B/b

45
Q

chi-squared test

A

a statistical test used to determine the probability of obtaining observed proportions
by chance, under a specific hypothesis

46
Q

null hypothesis

A

a hypothesis that proposes no difference between two or more data sets

47
Q

recombination

A

the process that generates a haploid product of meiosis whose genotype is different
from either of the two haploid genotypes that constituted the meiotic diploid

48
Q

recombinant gamete

A

any gamete with a genotype that differs from the genotypes of the two haploid
parents that fused to form the diploid meiocyte

49
Q

parental gamete

A

any gamete with a genotype identical to one of the haploid parents that fused to
form the diploid meiocyte

50
Q

maternal inheritance

A

a type of uniparental inheritance in which all the progeny have the genotype
and phenotype of the parent acting as the female

51
Q
A

biol 2000 (4 decks)

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