MT Unit 1 Exam! Flashcards
In ancient civilizations, who provided personal care services including massage, in the home?
Slaves and domestic servants
What was a practitioner of sports massage called in the early twentieth century?
Athletic Masseur
In the 1940s, health service operators at YMCA offered massage, hydrotherapy, relaxation techniques, and exercises. What was the overall goal of these services?
Health, fitness, and general well-being
Health clubs today are modern descendants of the ancient:
Greek gymnasia
Traditional Hispanic healers trained by apprenticeship to use soft tissue manipulation in treating the ailment of those in their communities are called:
Sobardoras
In ancient Greece, massage therapy was called the anatriptic art, which means to rub:
Up
In the nineteenth century, who popularized the use of French terminology to describe categories of massage techniques?
Johann Mezger
What organization was formed in England in 1849 to raise professional standards for massage specialists working in the medical field?
Society of Trained Masseuses
Who developed the system of medical gymnastics that was known as the Swedish Movement Cure in the mid-nineteenth century
Pehr Henrik Ling
By the early twentieth century, the Swedish movement cure and massage were so identified together that they became known in the United States as:
Swedish massage
In the 1950s, what term previously used for a legitimate massage establishment became permanently associated with a house of prostitution?
Massage Parlor
According to the Greek geograoher Strabo (63 b.c.e.-24 c.e.), with what did ancient Indian royalty polish and rub their skin?
Flat Sticks
In what decade of the twentieth century was trade between China and the U.S. reopened, leading to an exchange of information about traditional medical practices such as acupuncture and Chinese medical massage (tuina)?
1970s
In the United States in the 1970s a simplified form of massage was developed in California that incorporated simple Western Massage techniques and emphasized sensual aspects using scented oils, candle lighting, incense, and “new age” music. It was called:
Esalen Massage
Todays day spas can trace their history back to the ancient:
Roman Baths
Benedict Lust (1872-1945), who operated the original nature cure resort called Yungborn in Butler, New Jersey, is known as the father of:
Naturopathy
Which of the following describes J. Harvey Kellogg?
Author of the massage classic The Art of Massage: Its Physiological Effects and Therapeutic Applications (1895), Director of the Battle Creek Sanitarium in Michigan, & Developer of cold cereals
In the 19th century, bath attendants were:
Assistants to doctors of hydrotherapy
In the 1800s, what word did the British use to describe the type of massge they saw in India, China, and the Middle East?
Shampooing
In the 1800s, the government of Japan decreed that the occupation of ammashi (massage practitioner) be reserved for:
The Blind
The type of body work given at a Turkish bath by a telltack has been described as:
Pressing the muscles, stretching, and cracking the joints
In the United States in the early twentieth century, the signature massage found in beauty salons was:
Swedish massage
In the United States in the mid-twentieth century, the title as opposed to someone who learned massage by apprenticeship or on the job, was:
Graduate Masseur
In the 1930s, Swedish Masseuses offered massage, as well as nutritional advice, exercise, and the steam room and steam cabinets, in what type of special business?
Reducing Salons
The American Associations of Masseurs and Masseuses, founded in 1943, is known today as the:
American Massage Therapy Assocation
Making your work a high priority and applying yourself to doing a good job are essential elements of:
Work ethic
What is the primary goal of good social skills for massage therapists?
Building good relationships
Which of the following is not considered good manners for massage therapists?
Multitasking while speaking to a client on the phone
First impressions about someone are typically made in about what amount of time?
1 minute
What is the 1st element in greeting clients with confidence?
Make eye contact
Which of the following is usually appropriate for greeting 1st time clients?
Firm handshake for about 3 seconds
“If I understand you correctly, you’re saying…” is a lead-in phrase for what type of listening?
Active
Which approach to conflict resolution is most likely to leave unresolved issues that may grow problematic?
Avoidance
Massage therapists are crossing what type of boundary when they discuss their own personal difficulties with clients?
Emotional
Which of the following is a good grooming practice for massage therapists?
Use of unscented or lightly scented grooming products
Using theoretical knowledge in real-life situations is what type of intellectual skill?
Application
Which of the following is not a description of critical thinking?
Accepting things at face value
The deep awareness of the suffering of another coupled with the wish to relieve it is called:
Compassion
Which of the following would not be found in a definition of massage therapy?
Spinal adjustment
What year saw several advance for massage therapy, including the incorporation of the Massage Therapy Foundation, the founding of the Touch Research Institute, and the inclusion of massage therapy in the National Institutes of Health report on alternative medicine?
1992
Which of the following accurately describes the massage therapy profession today?
Uniquely focused on the use of soft tissue manipulation to improve well being of recipients, rooted in the tradition of natural healing, maintains a holistic and wellness perspective
A term used in education to describe what a practitioner can do with adequate skill, rather than just having completed hours in certain subjects, is:
Competencies
Special recognition given to schools that meet requirements of a nongovernmental organization, whose mission is to uphold high educational standards, is called:
Accreditation
Which of the following are typically considered within the scope of massage therapy?
Joint movements and stretching, hot and cold applications, and use of hand tools to apply pressure
A term usually reserved for a credential given by a nongovernmental, nonprofit organization that attests to a person’s competency in a given profession is:
Board certification
Which of the following is the permission granted to qualified practitioners to accept compensation for massage in a specific governmental jurisdiction?
Occupational licensing
Which organization approves massage therapy continuing education providers?
National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork
What gives massage its unique healing potential?
Person to person touch
Because massage therapy is performed by hand, it is also referred to as a:
Manual therapy
The three levels at the base of the Wellness Massage Pyramid represent:
Deficiencies
Because massage therapy falls into the categories of service, helping, and therapeutic professions, standards of behavior are:
High
What is the difference between codes of ethics and standards of practice?
Standards of practice are more detailed than codes of ethics
Violations of laws related to professionals are typically determined by:
A judge or by trial
When two or more ethical principles are in conflict, and regardless of your choice something of value is compromised, it is called an ethical:
Dilemma
The ethical decision-making model is best thought of as a:
Logical process
The first step in the ethical decision-making model is to:
Define the ethical question or ethical dilemma
Abiding by local, state, and federal law is considered an:
Overriding principle
Consulting with others when making an ethical decision offers a more:
Objective view of the situation
Which of the following is essential for keeping personal interests from influencing a massage therapist’s ethical decision?
Identifying personal temptations related to the outcome
The last step in the ethical decision-making model is to:
Learn from the outcome of your action
Consistency in making good ethical decision requires:
Developing good ethical judgement
Where do codes of ethics typically come from?
Professional organizations
Consultations about different issues that come up on the therapeutic relationship, which is done in a formal setting with a specially trained supervisor, is called:
Clinical supervision
What makes the relationship between massage therapist and their clients essentially different from ordinary business relationships?
Massage therapy is a service based on therapeutic touch
In what way is the intimacy of massage therapy emotional
It involves feelings of support and closeness
A power differential is a (n):
Intrinsic element in the therapist-client relationship
The client puts a special trust in the massage therapist who is then obligated to look out for the client’s best interests. In legal terms this is called a (n):
Fiduciary responsibility
Agreements that are commonly unerstood for a relationship like the therapeutic relationship, which may be unspoken and unwritten, are called:
Implicit
Principles, traits, or qualities considered worthwhile or desirable are known as:
Values
Draping procedures and the practice of leaving the room while clients are undressing are based directly on the:
Client’s right to privacy
The practice of getting informed voluntary consent from clients for certain massage applications is base primarily on their right to:
Self-determination
Obligations to act in a particular way are referred to as:
Duties
A key principle for behaving ethically is selfess service, which means:
Holding your client’s well-being above your personal gain
An overarching duty of massage therapists is to:
Do no harm
Which of the following can leave someone vulnerable to unethical behavior?
Lack of commitment to ethical behavior, lack of knowledge of ethical standards, unexamined personal issues
Slide over the skin
Effleurage
Lift and squeeze
Petrissage
Quivering or trembling motion
Vibration
Percussive, stimulating movements
Tapotement
Rubbing surfaces together
Friction
Static presure
Touch without movement
Which of the following best describes skillful application of tapotement techniques?
Rapid, light, and rhythmic
How many massage technique variations are possible?
Endless
What skill helps massage therapists assess the general condition of muscles and other soft tissues?
Palpation
What massage technique is considered the most versatile?
Effleurage
What technique is commonly applied with the practitioner’s thumb?
Stripping
What technique is sometimes called wringing?
Horizontal stroking
A practitioner of Swedish massage should always consider (1)____________, (2)______________ (3)________ to avoid hurting a client when performing techniques
Endangerment sites, Contraindications, cautions
The (1)____ is the most common region for the application of bilateral tree stroking
back
Three basic forms of deep friction are (1)_____-_____, (2)_______, and (3)________ friction
cross-fiber, parllel, circular
If done incorrectly, (1)__________ techniques may feel violent or like taking a beating
Tapotement
The effects and benefits of Swedish massage are generally explained within the framework of anatomy, physiology, and kinesiology
True
In basic two-handed kneading, tissues are compresses in rhythmic movement.
True
Because lubricants reduce the amount of resistance the practitioner’s hands and the client’s skin, warming friction is best done dry or almost dry
True
When used in the rehabilitation of an injury, deep transverse friction is best received daily
False
In a deep vibration, the trembing motion comes from the fingertips
False
Release of endorphins associated with massage would have which of the following effects?
Increase feeling of well-being
Practitioners who can apply techniques to produce specific effects will be more successful in achieving:
Session and treatment goals
Movement of lymph fluid through lymphatic vessels is largely dependent on:
Muscle contractions
Which of the following effects of massage is an indication of improved immune function?
Increase in natural killer (NK) cells
Desired traits such as calmness, gentleness, and nonaggressiveness have been associated with ________ ___________ _______ ___________ in early life.
Adequate pleasurable tactile experiences
Which of the following would not be appropriate during relaxation massage?
Techniques that cause discomfort
Which of the following types of massage works best for increased mental clarity?
20-minute chair massage
Physical forces such as compression, stretching, shearing, and broadening of tissues are behind the __________ effects of massage
Mechanical
The science of _____________________ has grown from the study of the mind-body effects on health and disease.
Psychoneurimmunology
Functional changes mediated by the nervous system are considered:
Reflex Effects
A group of structures within the brain associated with linking the physical to the emotional is called the ______ system
Limbic
Deep transverse friction is applied in the remodeling phase of tissue healing to enhance:
Healthy scar formation
Muscular tension caused by unexpressed emotions is called:
Character armor
Changes that start during a massage and that last for a few days or weeks are called
Long-term effects
Multiple-does effects of massage:
Happen over time with repeated massage
A meta-analysis that reviews a number of different research studies on the same general topic is primarily looking for:
Consistent findings
The embryonic connection between the ____ and the nervous system has profound implications related to the study of the effects of massage on the mind and emotions
Skin
In which phase of tissue repair is the tissue structure restored?
Regeneration
Which mechanism of massage is most instrumental in breaking adhesions in connective tissues?
Mechanical
The part of a research report that gives a quick overview of the study methods, results, and conclusions is the:
Abstract
A consistent finding of research about massage that is true for both the giver and receiver is that massage:
Reduces anxiety
Release of unexpressed emotions is an example of which mechanism of massage
Body-mind effects
Body awareness and pain reduction are the result of stimulation of these structures in the skin:
Sensory receptors
The systemic examination of a phenomenon using measurements based on careful observation is called:
Research
The systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing information relevant to answering a research question is called:
The scientific method
The most basic rule of providing therapeutic massage is :
Do no harm
Swollen glands indicate general _________ and are a likely contraindication for massage
Infection
For which type of edema is massage indicated>
Edema associated with a sprained ankle
If your client has osteoporosis or is in a high-risk category for the disease
Avoid deep pressure
If your client comes for massage and feels a little nauseous and has been running a slight fever, you should:
Not perform the massage
If a client’s medication is needed for condition stability (e.g., insulin-dependent diabetes), you should:
Schedule the session for after the client’s scheduled dosage
If your client’s is taking a drug weakens tissue integrity (e.g., corticosteroids), you should avoid:
Skin rolling and wringing
If your client is taking a medication that masks pain, you should:
Rely less on client feedback and more on palpation and observation
Why is knowledge of anatomy and physiology critical for a massage practitioner:
To know the location of endangerment sites, like major nerves, blood vessels, glands, and visceral organs
Which areas of the body contain clusters of lymph nodes that should be avoided?
Axilla and inguinal areas
If a client has athlete’s foot, which is the best course of action?
Avoid touching the toes and the surrounding area altogether
The ________ ________ of the neck is an endangerment site
Anterior triangle
Moderate pressure on the posterior cervical muscles of an elderly client:
May be safe to apply with care
Avoid heavy pressure over the thoracic cage, especially for those at risk for:
Osteoporosis
In which case would you perform only superficial massage of the neck, and only with a physician’s clearance?
A client with severe atherosclerosis
If your client is taking medication that causes abnormal fatigue, a good approach would be to :
Shorten the massage session
A primary concern related to long-term use of corticosteroids (e.g., for allergies or chronic inflammation) is that it ends to:
Compromise tissue integrity
What structure does not run through the inguinal area?
Pectineal Lymph Nodes
Avoid pressure on the _______ _______ of the sternum
Xiphoid process
Which of the following areas is not an endangerment site?
Upper back
Deep effleurage on the extremities should not be performed:
Distal to proximal
If your client feels searing, shooting electrical sensation when you massage an area, you are hitting a :
Nerve
Conditions or situations that make receiving massage inadvisable because of the harm it might do are called:
Contraindications
For ____ contraindications, avoid massage in the immediate area
local
When a client’s immune system is suppressed, be especially careful with:
Personal and environmental hygiene
