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Pathology 375 > MT 1 > Flashcards

MT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

dystrophic calcification

A

deposit of calcium in damaged tissue (atherosclerosis)

ie normal calcium levels

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2
Q

metastatic calcification

A

deposit of calcium in normal tissue

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3
Q

necrosis

A

localized death of cells, tissues, or organ

  • uncontrolled
  • cell membraine breaks down and contents are released
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4
Q

coaglative necrosis

A

morphalogic appearance of boiled meet

-most common, due to inactivity of hydrolytic enzymes

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5
Q

liquefactive necrosis

A

dissolution of tissue

  • soft and filled with fluid
  • eg brain infarct
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6
Q

caseous necrosis

A

cheese like necrotic tissue

  • limited liquifaction
  • seen in TB
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7
Q

fat necrosis

A

fat deposits that are calcified by enzymes

-white chalky areas

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8
Q

apoptosis

A

cells shrink into small components and are absorbed by other clls
no contents are released
no inflammatory reaction

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9
Q

function of inflammation

A
  • contain and isolate injury
  • destroy microorganisms/toxins
  • prepare tissue for healing and repair
  • coordinated by vascularized living tissue (ie does not happen after death)
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10
Q

clinical signs of acute inflammation

A
  • redness
  • pain
  • edema
  • loss of function
  • heat
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11
Q

histamine

A

inc. vessel permiability

- released by mast cells

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12
Q

basophils

A

mast cells in tissue

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13
Q

bradykinin

A

increases vessal permeability

causes pain

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14
Q

compliment

A

plasma proteins that kill bacteria

-activated by classical, alternative, or lectin pathways

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15
Q

arachidonic acid derivatives

A
  • from phospholipids in cell walls

- metaboized to form inflammatory substances

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16
Q

what do NSAIDS block?

A

AA derivative formation

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17
Q

presence of fluid in tissue

A

edema

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18
Q

transudate

A

protein poor fluid containing few cells

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19
Q

exudate

A

protein rich fluid

different types

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20
Q

serous inflammation

A

fewer cells, clear exudate

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21
Q

fibrinous inflammation

A

sticky, exudate rich in fibrin

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22
Q

purulent inflammation

A

pus

rich in neutraphils (due to bacterial infection)

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23
Q

ulcerative inflammation

A

loss of epithelial lining

inflammaiton extens to surrounding tissue

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24
Q

pseudomembranous inflammation

A

ulceration and fibrinopurulent exidate

-forms pseudomembrane over the ulcer

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25
Q

herniation

A

abscess in brain inc. volume in cranium–>brain moves down into foremen magnum
-medulla is compressed

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26
Q

outcomes of inflammation

A
  1. complete resolution
  2. abscess formation-lined in fibrous capsule
  3. healing by fibrosis and scar formation-normal tissue replaced
  4. progression to chronic inflammation
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27
Q

chronic inflammation

A

exudate rich in mononuclear cells (lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages present)

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28
Q

examples of regeneration abilities

A

epithelial cells-high
liver cells-can divide but slower
neurons-can’t

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29
Q

wound healing by first intention

A

occurs after surgical incision

  • scab formation, nutraphils enter and scavenge debris
  • formation of granulation tissue
  • resorbtion of granulation tissue and replacement by fibrous scar
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30
Q

wound healing by second intention

A
  • gaping wound not closed surgically
  • granulation tissue forms and is replaced w/fibrous tissue
  • wound contracts with time
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31
Q

keloid

A

scar that expands beyond site of wound

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32
Q

teratogen

A

agent that causes fetal abnormality

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33
Q

developmental malformation

A

results in abnormal features

  • 75% of the time the cause is unknown
  • can be genetic
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34
Q

achondroplastic dwarfism mode of inheritance

A

autosomal dominant

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35
Q

examples of teratogens

A 
x rays
alcohol
thalidomide
isotretinoin
infectious things: TORCH
toxoplasmosis (parasites), other (bacterias) (STD, unpasturized milk), Rubella, 
cytomegaalovirus
herpes simplex
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36
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A
  • intra-uterine growth retardation
  • reduced mental processes
  • altered physical appearance
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37
Q

monosomy

A

loss of chromosome
-autosomal monosomies are fatal
-Y is fatal
X is not- turner’s syndrome

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38
Q

trisomy

A

presence of extra copy of a chromosome
not necessarily fatal
-sex are usually not lethal

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39
Q

downs syndrom

A

1 in 800 neonates affected

  • complete copy in most cases (more severe phenotype)
  • translocation sometimes
  • usually the mother’s chromosome, risk is inc. with inc. age
  • screen older mothers
  • significant morbidity and increased mortality
  • intestinal atresia, heart defects, etc.
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40
Q

turner’s syndrome

A

monosomy X
1 in 3000 neonates
abnormal segregation of X or Y during meiosis
-female but infertile
-ovaries present but unable to produce eggs

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41
Q

klinefelter’s syndrome

A 
trisomy X
1 in 700 neonates
-abnormal X or Y segregation
-male phenotype (XXY)
-infertile-atrophic testis
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42
Q

XXX

A

still compatible with life

-slowed mental processes

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43
Q

q 13 deletion

A

q means long arm

known to cause retinoplastonas

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44
Q

alleles

A

genes present on autosomes

  • 1 copy form each parent
  • one copy of Y genes for males
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45
Q

marfans pattern of inheritence

A

autosomal dominant

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46
Q

familial hypercholesterolemia pattern of inheritence

A

autosomal dominant

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47
Q

what is variable penetrance?

variable expressivity?

A

the percentage of intividuals with a gene that will actually express it
-degree of expression in the individual with the gene

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48
Q

marfan’s syndrome

A 
defect in fibrillin gene
-tall, thin, loose joints
-cardiovascular abnormalities
-occular abnormalities
-shortened life expentancy
(usually due to rupture of a dissecting aneurysm)
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49
Q

dissection

A

blood tracking through vessel vall

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50
Q

familial hypercholesterolemia

A

defect in LDL receptor gene
-insufficient removal
-deposits in tissue as atheroslerosis and xanthomas in skin and soft tissue
worse phenotype if homozygous
-develop ischemic heart disease before age 20

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51
Q

cystic fibrosis mode of inheritence

A

autosomal recessive

-carrier rate 1 in 25

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52
Q

cystic fibrosis

A 
defect in Cl transport gene
-->thick exocrine secretions that obstruct ducts and cause infections
meconium ileus (failure to pass meconium)
-pseudomonas nifections
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53
Q

lysosomal storage diseases

A
  • group of diseases of defects in different enzymes
  • results in accumulation of materials in lysosomes
  • eg lipidoses, glycogenoses
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54
Q

tay sachs

A 
autosomal recessive
lysosomal 
storage disease 
-defective hexosaminidase
-brain, eye changes
-3-5 yr life expectancy
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55
Q

gaucher disease

A

lysosomal storage disease
defective glucocerebrosidase
-enlarged spleen, anemia
-normal life expectancy if type 1

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56
Q

phenylketonuria

A

defective phenylalanine hydroxylase gene

  • which converts it to Tyr
  • accumulation causes toxic effects on cells during development (not adulthood)
  • can minimize effects by following phenylalanine deficient diet
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57
Q

hemophilia

A

x-linked recessive-only males are effected
defect in coagulation proteins (clotting factors)
-secondary complications are arthritis, joint malformation
-treatment=factor replacement

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58
Q

duchenne and backer’s muscular distrophy

A

due to defective dystrophin protein

  • which is involved in attachment of cytoskeleton, especially muscles
  • duchenne more severe, earlier onset of muscle wasting
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59
Q

fragile x syndrome

A

affects males (but not classical inheritence pattern)

  • portion of X chromosome is fragile due to CGG triplet repeats
  • these increase with each generation and mental retardation and enlarged testis are eventually expressed
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60
Q

2 examples of multifactorial inheritence disorders

A

dysraphia
diabetes type 2
5-10% chance of developing disorder b/c of exogenous and endogenous factors contributing to expresion

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61
Q

egs of dysraphias

A 
=neural tube defects
anencephaly-abscence of brain
spina bifida-defect in vertebral bones (dont fuse properly)
meningocele-defect in vertebre/meninges
folate decreases risk
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62
Q

chorionic villus sampling

A
  • biopsy of placental villus
  • gets fetal cells for analysis
  • risky
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63
Q

premature baby

A

delivered b/f 37 wks

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64
Q

Intrauterine growth restricted baby

A

is less than 3200g

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65
Q

immature baby

A

both premature and low weight

66
Q

causes of prematureity

A

maternal-smoking, substance abuse, malnutrition

  • fetal-genetics
  • placental-insufficiency
67
Q

neonatal respiratory distress sydrome

A

shortness of breath
-inadequate surfactant leads to atelectasis and hyaline membrane formation

to treat: release surfactant into amniotic fluid before birth and corticosteroids

68
Q

igA

A

present in secretions, milk

as dimer

69
Q

IgE

A

present in tissue on mast cells

-mediate alergic responses

70
Q

IgD

A

on B cells

activation of lymphocyte

71
Q

IgM

A

present in blood
first defense against common bacteria
pentamers
neutralize and activate compliment

72
Q

IgG

A

present in blood but indicates later response (B cells make IgM first)
acts as opsonin

73
Q

type II hypersensitivity

A

exaggerated immune response from deposition of Ab on cells or tissue
-eg myesthenia gravis

74
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

type II hypersensitivit
Abs to protein on surface of RBCs
could be b/c of a drug

75
Q

graves disease

A

=autoimmune thyroiditis
Ab against TSH receptor
-hyperthyroidism

76
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

Ab against acetycholine receptor on mm

-muscle weakness

77
Q

type III hypersensitivit

A

exaggerated immune response from creation of Ag-Ab complexes cauing inflammation in various places
-eg lupus, rheumathoid arthritis

78
Q

one theory of how lupus works

A

maybe from defective clearance of cells resulting in Abs against cell parts (eg anti-nucleus)

79
Q

type IV hypersensitivity

A

excessive, prolonged immune reaction by immune cells-Ag complexes
-supermacrophages
-possible granulomas
eg tuberculosis

80
Q

allograft

xenograft

A

donor

different species donor

81
Q

hyperacute rejection

A

w/in hours

due to preformed Ab (usually blood type)

82
Q

acute rejection

A

w/in days

Ab and cell mediated

83
Q

chronic rejection

A

w/in monts to years
ab and cell mediated
vascular obstruction and tissue destruction

84
Q

neoplasm

A

mass of abnormal cells growing autonomously

85
Q

benign neoplasm

A 
generally well differentiated
slow growth
no invasion
-smooth boarder, encapsulated
no matestases
86
Q

premalignant

A

likely to become malignant but has not invaded basement membrane

87
Q

benign epithelial neoplasms

A

adenoma (some are premalignant, but usually not skin ones)

papilloma

88
Q

malignant epithelial neoplasm

A

adenocarcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
transitional cell carcinoma

89
Q

in situ (neoplasm nomenclature)

A

means premalignant

needed to distinguish from truly malignant

90
Q

sarcoma

A

malignant neoplasm

91
Q

carcinogens

A

substances that produce cancer

92
Q

inherited cancer syndromes

A

mutant gene that increases risk of cancer developing

-eg defective DNA repair syndromes

93
Q

example of a benign tumor associated w/increased risk of malignancy

A

villous adenomas of colon

94
Q

grade of malignant neoplasm

A

describes degree of differentiation
high grade don’t look like cells (poorly differentiated)
low grade are well differentiated

95
Q

stage

A

amount of malignant neoplasm

  • size
  • lymph nodes
  • distant metastasis
96
Q

example of fatal benign neoplasm

A

meningioma

97
Q

paraneoplastic syndromes

A

not explained but happens in cancer patients

  • hypercalcemia
  • cushing’s-prod of ACTH
  • inappropriate antidiuretic hormone produced by Tumor (ADH)
98
Q

pro-carcinogen

A

must be modified in body to become a carcinogen

99
Q

UV radiation

A

damages DNA

-xeroderma pigmentosa=genetic defect in DNA repair enzymes, leads to early skin cancer

100
Q

ionizing radiation

A

leukemias inc. in Japan

thyroid cancer in patients who received radiation to neck

101
Q

oncogenes

A

mutated genes whose products are associated with formation of neoplasms

  • ie control cell growth
  • tumor suppressor genes
102
Q

water distribution in body

A

2/3 in intracellular fluid compartment
1/3 in extracellular fluid compartment
–3/4 in interstitium, 1/4 in tissue

103
Q

edema

A

accumulation of fluid

-exudate if inflammation, transudate if not

104
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

forces water out

105
Q

oncotic pressure

A

pushes water in

106
Q

anasarca

A

generalized edema

-fluid accumulates in low areas (ankles or ileosecal region if lying down)

107
Q

hydrocardia

A

excess fluid in pericardial cavity

108
Q

hyperemia

A

inc. in volume of blood in tissue
-active=from exercise or inflammation
passive-from dec. venous pressure that occurs w/impaired outflow of blood

109
Q

cyanosis

A

blue lips and skin due to lack of oxygen

110
Q

purpura

A

bruise greater than 3mm

111
Q

patechiae

A

pinpoint hemmorhages from capillary rupture

112
Q

hemoptysis

A

coughing blood

113
Q

hematemesis

A

vomitting blood

114
Q

hematochezia

A

blood in rectum (bright red)

115
Q

melena

A

dark blood in stool

116
Q

hematuria

A

blood in urine

117
Q

manorrhagia

A

excessive blood loss in menses

118
Q

massive blood loss

A

hypovolemia and shock

119
Q

clot formation predisposing factors

A

blood not flowing properly
hypercoaguable state
endothelial injury

120
Q

embolus

A

any circulating material that may cause a problem

121
Q

stenosis

A

narrowing

122
Q

causes of shock

A 
S-septic from bacteria
H-hypovolemic
O-obstructive (eg cardiac tampenade)
C-cardiogenic-heart not contracting
K-anaphalactic shock
S-spinal/neurogenic (lack of or improper innervation)
123
Q

which vessels don’t have media (smooth muscle)

A

capillaries and lymphatics

124
Q

which layer is thickened by age in blood vessels?

A

intima

125
Q

arteriosclerosis

atherosclerosis

A

=intima is scarred (typically by hypertension)

fatty expansion of intima happens

126
Q

media disease

A

dissection
raynauds disease-abnormal response to cold and blue cold extremities
vasculitis

127
Q

which layers does an aneurism effect and what is it?

A

dilation of vessel wall that predisposes to clot and rupture

effects any or all layers

128
Q

ischemic heart disease

A
  • reduced coronary circulation (usully from atherosclerosis)
  • variable symptoms including: angina, myocardial infarct (death of heart muscle), can become chronic
  • arrythmia from ischemia in conduction system
129
Q

complications of MI

A
  • myocardial rupture-5-7 days after MI, can result in cardiac tampenade
  • papillary muscle rupture with mitral regurgitation
  • ventricular aneurysm
  • arrythmias
  • mural thrombus and emboli
130
Q

congestive heart falure

A

heart unable to pump enough blood to meet tissue demands

  • various causes, including chronic ischemic damage
  • shortness of breath, tiredness, etc.
  • can’t get blood out to system so accumulates in lungs
  • can’t get blood to lungs so it accumulates in veins
131
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy

A

dilated chambers

-due to genetics, viral infection, alcohol, late ishemic disease, and chemo

132
Q

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

thickened walls-genetic

133
Q

restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

reduced ventricular contractility

  • idiopathic primary form forms in kids
  • aquired forms in adults (eg amyloidosis)
134
Q

arrythmogenic cardiomyopathy

A

fibrofatty replacement of myocardium-genetic

135
Q

septal wall defect

A

simple defect

136
Q

tetraology of fallot

A

cyanotic defect

137
Q

valvular heart disease

A

can be stenosis or insufficiency of any valve

-genetics, infection,, autoimmune, etc.

138
Q

endocarditis

A
  • inflammation of inner heart lining (usually valve)
  • sometimes autoimmune or metastises related
  • impaired valve function and emboli
139
Q

myocarditis

A

inflammation of heart muscle

  • including lymphocytic mycarditis, sarcoidosis, eosinophilic myocarditis
  • can have long term sequalae of heart failure
  • can be caused by viruses, toxins, autoimmunity, medication
140
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of epicardium and or pericardium
-pericardial effusion and possible tamponade
-can acute-fibrinous
or chronic-fibrous or a mix
-surgery if causing tampenade

141
Q

cardiac neoplasms

A
  • most commonly metastasis
  • typically rapidly fatal
  • most common primary cardiac neoplasm is myxoma
142
Q

anthracosis

A

accumulation of carbon particles in lungs

-stored as anthracotic pigment

143
Q

diptheria

A

bacterial infection in throat that forms membrane

membranes can break off and get inhaled and cause death

144
Q

parainfluenza virus causes

A

croup in kids younger that 3

145
Q

acute epiglottitis

A

3-7yr old kids

  • may cause swelling/closure of airway
  • usually self limiting
  • immunization
146
Q

bronchiolitis

A

kids less than 2 years old
-inflammation due to virus
usually respiratory syncitial virus

147
Q

difference b/t atypical and typical pneumonia

A

atypical has nonproductive cough

-infection is in b/t alveoli in interstitial tissue

148
Q

community aquired vs. hospital aquired causes of pneumonia

A

community usually gram +

hospital usually gram -

149
Q

complications of pneumonia

A

pleuritis
pyothorax-puss in pleural cavity
empeyma-localized areas of pus in pleural cavity
abcess
bronchiectasis-continued inflammation and expansion
chronic lung disease

150
Q

where does TB initial infection occur?

A

in the lung, causing Ghon complex to form w/lung lesion and enlarged hilar nodes

151
Q

common comorbidity of TB

A

liver disease from antibiotics

152
Q

egs of obstructive diseases

A

asthma
COPD
bronchiectasis
cystic fibrosis

153
Q

extrinsic asthma

intrinsic asthma

A

attacks precipitated by triggering allergens

attacks precipitated by non-immune mx (eg exercise, stress, temperature)

154
Q

hypersensitivity pneumonitis

A

=immune reaction to various organic materials (eg pigeon poo)
-can become chronic and cell-mediated, which leads to destruction and dec. compliance

155
Q

pneumoconioses

A

due to inhalation of inorganic dusts (eg sand, coal)

156
Q

sarcoidosis

A

multisystemic, unkown etiologies

  • non caseating granulomas in various organs
  • biopsy to diagnose
  • no specific treatment but steroids
157
Q

aletactasis

A

expansion of alveoli

158
Q

adult respiratory distress syndrome

A

acute respiratory failure that doesn’t respond to oxygen

  • ie are still breathing but not oxygenating blood
  • injury to lung causes leakage from capillaries
159
Q

pneumothorex

A

air into pleural cavity with collapse of lung

160
Q

pleural effusion

A

accumulation of fluid in pleural cavity

Pathology 375 (2 decks)

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