MSK peer teaching (not anatomy)

Question 1

When bones are classified by shape, what can we categorise them as?

Answer 1

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones

Question 2

What shape bone is the femur?

Answer 2

long bone

Question 3

If we were to classify the carpal bones by shape, what shape would we classify them as?

Answer 3

short bones

Question 4

The sternum is an example of what shape of bone?

Answer 4

flat bone

Question 5

How would one describe the shape of the mandible?

Answer 5

irregular bone

Question 6

Give an example of a sesamoid bone

Answer 6

the patella

Question 7

Describe sesamoid bones

Answer 7

Round

Contain nodules for tendon attachment

Question 8

What are the options when classifying bone by microscopic structure?

Answer 8

woven bone (primary)
lamellar bone (secondary)

Question 9

Describe woven bone

Answer 9

Made quickly
disorganised
no clear structure

Question 10

Describe lamellar bone

Answer 10

Made slower than woven bone
Organised
Clearly structured

Question 11

What are the options when classifying bone by macroscopic structure?

Answer 11

Cortical and trabecular

Question 12

Describe the appearance of trabecular bone

Answer 12

spongy

Question 13

Describe the appearance of cortical bone

Answer 13

compact

Question 14

What is the process of bone formation called?

Answer 14

ossification

Question 15

What are the two main types of ossification?

Answer 15

Endochondral

Intramembranous

Question 16

In endochondral ossification, what precursor is the bone formed from?

Answer 16

hyaline cartilage

Question 17

What does bone form from in intramembranous ossification?

Answer 17

mesenchyme

Question 18

At what stage of life does intramembranous ossification occur and to form what type of bone?

Answer 18

occurs during fetal development to form flat and irregular bones

Question 19

What type of ossification would occur to form a long bone?

Answer 19

endochondral

Question 20

What type of cell produces the cartilagenous precursor in the first stage of endochondral ossification?

Answer 20

chondrocytes

Question 21

What is the second stage of endochondral ossification?

Answer 21

primary ossification centre is formed as osteoblasts lay bone onto the cartilage

Question 22

What cell breaks down the cartilage precursor in endochondral ossification?

Answer 22

osteoclasts

Question 23

what is the medullary cavity also know as?

Answer 23

the marrow cavity

Question 24

Describe the formation of the medullary cavity

Answer 24

parts of the spongy bone making up the primary ossification centre are broken down

Question 25

What are the layers of cartilage called that remain between the primary ossification centre and the secondary ossification centre in endochondral ossification called?

Answer 25

epiphyseal (growth) plate

Question 26

Describe endochondral ossification

Answer 26

1. chondrocytes produce a cartilagenous precursor 2. Osteoblasts lay bone onto the cartilage, forming the primary ossification centre 3. Osteoclasts break down the cartilage 4. Blood vessels invade the primary ossification centre 5. Preriosteum collar is formed outside the bone as the perichondrium is broken down 6. Medullary cavity is formed as parts of the spongy bone of the primary ossificstion centre are broken down 7. Process repeats at the ends of long bones to form secondary ossification centres 8. the layers of cartilage that remain between the primary ossification centre and the secondary ossification centre are known as the epiphyseal (growth) plate

Question 27

Describe intramembranous ossiciation?

Answer 27

1. Mesenchymal cells replicate forming clusters called nidus 2. Stem cells in nidus become osteoprogenitor cells 3. Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts 4. Osteoblasts produce extracellular matrix, containing type 1 collagen 5. Some osteoblasts become trapped in the matrix, forming osteocytes 6. Bone spicules form via mineralisation 7. Spicules grow and fuse to form trabeculae around which the periosteum is formed

Question 28

In endochondral ossifcation, which type of cell produces a cartilagenous precursor?

Answer 28

chondrocytes

Question 29

In endochonral ossification, which cell forms the primary ossification centre by laying bone onto the cartilage precuror?

Answer 29

osteoblasts

Question 30

What type of cell breaks down the cartilage precursor in endochondral ossification?

Answer 30

osteoclasts

Question 31

In inramembranous ossification, which cells replicate to form nidus?

Answer 31

mesenchymal

Question 32

What do stem cells in the nidus become in intramembranous ossification?

Answer 32

osteoprogenitor cells

Question 33

In intramembranous ossification, the osteoblasts that get trapped in the matrix become what?

Answer 33

osteocytes

Question 34

Describe the epiphyseal plate after puberty?

Answer 34

completely ossified

Question 35

Describe bone mineralisation?

Answer 35

hydroxyapetite crystals deposited into the bone fibrous matrix

Question 36

When does bone modelling occur?

Answer 36

during growth

Question 37

When does bone remodelling occur?

Answer 37

after growth

Question 38

What is bone mineralisation mediated by?

Answer 38

vitamin D and PTH

Question 39

What do osteoblasts secrete?

Answer 39

osteoid

Question 40

What does RANK ligand stimulate?

Answer 40

osteoclast activity, increasing bone resorption

Question 41

What is RANK ligand secreted by?

Answer 41

Osteoblasts

Question 42

What does RANK ligand bind to?

Answer 42

receptors on monocytes, causing them to differentiate into osteoclasts

Question 43

The binding of RANK ligand to monocytes causes them to differentiate into?

Answer 43

osteoclasts

Question 44

What effect does osteoprotogerin (OPG) have on rates of bone resorption ?

Answer 44

decreases rate of bone resorption

Question 45

What is Wolff's law?

Answer 45

In a healthy individual, bones will adapt to the loads under which it is placed

Question 46

If loading to bone in a healthy individual occurs, how will the bone respond?

Answer 46

the bone will remodel itself to become more resistant to loading

Question 47

What effect does decreased serum calcium have on PTH secretion?

Answer 47

decreased serum calcium triggers release of PTH

Question 48

What effect does PTH have on bone remodelling?

Answer 48

increases rate of bone remodelling

Question 49

What effect does increased PTH secretion have on serum calcium levels?

Answer 49

increases serum calcium levels

Question 50

PTH leads to the conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to what?

Answer 50

1,25-dihydroxyvitaminD

Question 51

What effect does active vitamin D have on calcium absorption?

Answer 51

increases calcium absorption

Question 52

What is converted into vitamin D3 in the vitamin D pathway?

Answer 52

7-hydroxycholesterol

Question 53

What is 7-hydroxycholestrol converted to in the vitamin D pathway?

Answer 53

Vitamin D3

Question 54

What facilitates the formation of vitamin D3 from 7-dehyroxycholesterol ?

Answer 54

UVB

Question 55

Where is vitamin D3 converted into 25-hydroxyvitamin D?

Answer 55

the liver

Question 56

What is calcidiol?

Answer 56

25-hydroxyvitamin D

Question 57

What is the other name for 25-dihydroxyvitamin D?

Answer 57

calcidiol

Question 58

What is calcidiol converted into in the presence of PTH

Answer 58

calcitriol AKA 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

Question 59

Where is calcitonin produced?

Answer 59

thyroid gland C cells

Question 60

What is the most important regulator of serum phosphate concentration?

Answer 60

FGF-23

Question 61

What is FGF-23 produced by?

Answer 61

osteocytes

Question 62

What is FGF-23 produced in response to?

Answer 62

Rise in serum phosphate Presence of PTH Presence of calcitriol

Question 63

What effect does FGF-23 have on serum phosphate?

Answer 63

decreases serum phosphate

Question 64

What type of synovial joint is oval sitting within oval cavity movement in two planes metacarpophalangeal

Answer 64

condyloid

Question 65

What type of synovial joint are the metacarpophalangeal joints?

Answer 65

condyloid

Question 66

What type of synovial joint is the elbow?

Answer 66

hinge joint

Question 67

What type of synovial joint is the thumb?

Answer 67

saddle

Question 68

What type of joint is C1/C2?

Answer 68

pivot

Question 69

What collagen precursor do fibrobalsts secrete ?

Answer 69

tropocollagen

Question 70

The bonding of multiple tropocollagen molecules forms?

Answer 70

microfibrils

Question 71

What do ligaments join?

Answer 71

bone to bone

Question 72

What do tendons join?

Answer 72

muscle to bone

Question 73

Which out of tendons and ligaments has high type 1 collagen fibres ?

Answer 73

tendons

Question 74

Which out of ligaments and tendons has a higher elastin content ?

Answer 74

ligaments

Question 75

Which out of ligaments and tendons is more organised?

Answer 75

tendons

Question 76

Are many tendons avascular ?

Answer 76

yes