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MSK > MSK peer teaching (not anatomy) > Flashcards

MSK peer teaching (not anatomy) Flashcards

1
Q

When bones are classified by shape, what can we categorise them as?

A 
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Sesamoid bones
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2
Q

What shape bone is the femur?

A

long bone

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3
Q

If we were to classify the carpal bones by shape, what shape would we classify them as?

A

short bones

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4
Q

The sternum is an example of what shape of bone?

A

flat bone

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5
Q

How would one describe the shape of the mandible?

A

irregular bone

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6
Q

Give an example of a sesamoid bone

A

the patella

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7
Q

Describe sesamoid bones

A

Round

Contain nodules for tendon attachment

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8
Q

What are the options when classifying bone by microscopic structure?

A 
woven bone (primary)
lamellar bone (secondary)
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9
Q

Describe woven bone

A

Made quickly
disorganised
no clear structure

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10
Q

Describe lamellar bone

A

Made slower than woven bone
Organised
Clearly structured

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11
Q

What are the options when classifying bone by macroscopic structure?

A

Cortical and trabecular

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12
Q

Describe the appearance of trabecular bone

A

spongy

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13
Q

Describe the appearance of cortical bone

A

compact

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14
Q

What is the process of bone formation called?

A

ossification

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15
Q

What are the two main types of ossification?

A

Endochondral

Intramembranous

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16
Q

In endochondral ossification, what precursor is the bone formed from?

A

hyaline cartilage

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17
Q

What does bone form from in intramembranous ossification?

A

mesenchyme

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18
Q

At what stage of life does intramembranous ossification occur and to form what type of bone?

A

occurs during fetal development to form flat and irregular bones

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19
Q

What type of ossification would occur to form a long bone?

A

endochondral

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20
Q

What type of cell produces the cartilagenous precursor in the first stage of endochondral ossification?

A

chondrocytes

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21
Q

What is the second stage of endochondral ossification?

A

primary ossification centre is formed as osteoblasts lay bone onto the cartilage

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22
Q

What cell breaks down the cartilage precursor in endochondral ossification?

A

osteoclasts

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23
Q

what is the medullary cavity also know as?

A

the marrow cavity

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24
Q

Describe the formation of the medullary cavity

A

parts of the spongy bone making up the primary ossification centre are broken down

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25
Q

What are the layers of cartilage called that remain between the primary ossification centre and the secondary ossification centre in endochondral ossification called?

A

epiphyseal (growth) plate

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26
Q

Describe endochondral ossification

A
  1. chondrocytes produce a cartilagenous precursor
  2. Osteoblasts lay bone onto the cartilage, forming the primary ossification centre
  3. Osteoclasts break down the cartilage
  4. Blood vessels invade the primary ossification centre
  5. Preriosteum collar is formed outside the bone as the perichondrium is broken down
  6. Medullary cavity is formed as parts of the spongy bone of the primary ossificstion centre are broken down
  7. Process repeats at the ends of long bones to form secondary ossification centres
  8. the layers of cartilage that remain between the primary ossification centre and the secondary ossification centre are known as the epiphyseal (growth) plate
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27
Q

Describe intramembranous ossiciation?

A
  1. Mesenchymal cells replicate forming clusters called nidus
  2. Stem cells in nidus become osteoprogenitor cells
  3. Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts
  4. Osteoblasts produce extracellular matrix, containing type 1 collagen
  5. Some osteoblasts become trapped in the matrix, forming osteocytes
  6. Bone spicules form via mineralisation
  7. Spicules grow and fuse to form trabeculae around which the periosteum is formed
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28
Q

In endochondral ossifcation, which type of cell produces a cartilagenous precursor?

A

chondrocytes

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29
Q

In endochonral ossification, which cell forms the primary ossification centre by laying bone onto the cartilage precuror?

A

osteoblasts

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30
Q

What type of cell breaks down the cartilage precursor in endochondral ossification?

A

osteoclasts

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31
Q

In inramembranous ossification, which cells replicate to form nidus?

A

mesenchymal

32
Q

What do stem cells in the nidus become in intramembranous ossification?

A

osteoprogenitor cells

33
Q

In intramembranous ossification, the osteoblasts that get trapped in the matrix become what?

A

osteocytes

34
Q

Describe the epiphyseal plate after puberty?

A

completely ossified

35
Q

Describe bone mineralisation?

A

hydroxyapetite crystals deposited into the bone fibrous matrix

36
Q

When does bone modelling occur?

A

during growth

37
Q

When does bone remodelling occur?

A

after growth

38
Q

What is bone mineralisation mediated by?

A

vitamin D and PTH

39
Q

What do osteoblasts secrete?

A

osteoid

40
Q

What does RANK ligand stimulate?

A

osteoclast activity, increasing bone resorption

41
Q

What is RANK ligand secreted by?

A

Osteoblasts

42
Q

What does RANK ligand bind to?

A

receptors on monocytes, causing them to differentiate into osteoclasts

43
Q

The binding of RANK ligand to monocytes causes them to differentiate into?

A

osteoclasts

44
Q

What effect does osteoprotogerin (OPG) have on rates of bone resorption ?

A

decreases rate of bone resorption

45
Q

What is Wolff’s law?

A

In a healthy individual, bones will adapt to the loads under which it is placed

46
Q

If loading to bone in a healthy individual occurs, how will the bone respond?

A

the bone will remodel itself to become more resistant to loading

47
Q

What effect does decreased serum calcium have on PTH secretion?

A

decreased serum calcium triggers release of PTH

48
Q

What effect does PTH have on bone remodelling?

A

increases rate of bone remodelling

49
Q

What effect does increased PTH secretion have on serum calcium levels?

A

increases serum calcium levels

50
Q

PTH leads to the conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to what?

A

1,25-dihydroxyvitaminD

51
Q

What effect does active vitamin D have on calcium absorption?

A

increases calcium absorption

52
Q

What is converted into vitamin D3 in the vitamin D pathway?

A

7-hydroxycholesterol

53
Q

What is 7-hydroxycholestrol converted to in the vitamin D pathway?

A

Vitamin D3

54
Q

What facilitates the formation of vitamin D3 from 7-dehyroxycholesterol ?

A

UVB

55
Q

Where is vitamin D3 converted into 25-hydroxyvitamin D?

A

the liver

56
Q

What is calcidiol?

A

25-hydroxyvitamin D

57
Q

What is the other name for 25-dihydroxyvitamin D?

A

calcidiol

58
Q

What is calcidiol converted into in the presence of PTH

A

calcitriol AKA 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

59
Q

Where is calcitonin produced?

A

thyroid gland C cells

60
Q

What is the most important regulator of serum phosphate concentration?

A

FGF-23

61
Q

What is FGF-23 produced by?

A

osteocytes

62
Q

What is FGF-23 produced in response to?

A

Rise in serum phosphate
Presence of PTH
Presence of calcitriol

63
Q

What effect does FGF-23 have on serum phosphate?

A

decreases serum phosphate

64
Q

What type of synovial joint is
oval sitting within oval cavity
movement in two planes
metacarpophalangeal

A

condyloid

65
Q

What type of synovial joint are the metacarpophalangeal joints?

A

condyloid

66
Q

What type of synovial joint is the elbow?

A

hinge joint

67
Q

What type of synovial joint is the thumb?

A

saddle

68
Q

What type of joint is C1/C2?

A

pivot

69
Q

What collagen precursor do fibrobalsts secrete ?

A

tropocollagen

70
Q

The bonding of multiple tropocollagen molecules forms?

A

microfibrils

71
Q

What do ligaments join?

A

bone to bone

72
Q

What do tendons join?

A

muscle to bone

73
Q

Which out of tendons and ligaments has high type 1 collagen fibres ?

A

tendons

74
Q

Which out of ligaments and tendons has a higher elastin content ?

A

ligaments

75
Q

Which out of ligaments and tendons is more organised?

A

tendons

76
Q

Are many tendons avascular ?

A

yes

MSK (2 decks)

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