MSK peer teaching (anatomy) Flashcards
1
Q
Name the three superficial gluteal muscles
A
gluteus maxiumus, gluteus medius, gluteus minmus
2
Q
Which nerve supplies gluteus maximus?
A
inferior gluteal nerve
3
Q
Which nerve supplies gluteus medius and gluteus minimus?
A
superior gluteal nerve
4
Q
Which gluteal muscle extends the thigh?
A
gluteus maximus
5
Q
Which gluteal muscles abduct and medially rotate the lower limb?
A
gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
6
Q
Pelvic drop results from the injury of which nerve?
A
superior gluteal nerve
7
Q
Why does injury to the superior gluteal nerve result in pelvic drop?
A
This is the nerve that supplies gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
gluteus medius and gluteus minimus play an important role in stabiliing the pelvis when walking
8
Q
Name the deep gluteal muscles
A
piriformis obturator internus superior gemellus inferior gemellus quadratus femoris
9
Q
What are the functions of the deep gluteal muscles
A
all except quadratus femoris are lateral rotation and abduction.
Quadratus femoris is just lateral rotation
10
Q
Name the basic parts of the femur
A
head neck greater trochanter lesser trochanter medial epicondyle medial condyle lateral epicondyle lateral condyle intercondyler fossa
11
Q
What is avascular necrosis?
A
death of bone tissue due to lack of blood supply
12
Q
What type of fracture puts a child at risk of avascular necrosis?
A
neck of femur
13
Q
Why does a neck of femur fracture in a child cause avascular necrosis in the head of the femur?
A
blood supply to the head of the femur is via the neck therefore a fracture cuts of the blood supply
14
Q
In which direction is the hip most likely to dislocate?
A
posteriorly ( this is where the ligaments are weakest)
15
Q
What is the socket called that the head of the femur sits in?
A
the acetabulum
16
Q
Name the medial thigh muscles
A
adductor magnus adductor longus adductor brevis obturator externus gracilis
17
Q
What is the function of the adductor part of adductor magnus?
A
adducts the hip
18
Q
What is the function of the hamstring part of adductor magnus?
A
flexes/extends the hip
19
Q
Which medial thigh muscle can adduct, flex and extend the hip?
A
adductor magnus
20
Q
Which medial thigh muscles adducts and medially rotates the thigh?
A
adductor longus
21
Q
Which medial thigh muscle simply adducts the thigh?
A
adductor brevis
22
Q
What is the function of adductor brevis?
A
adducts the thigh
23
Q
What are the functions of adductor longus?
A
adducts the thigh
medially rotates the thigh
24
Q
What is the function of obturator externus?
A
laterally rotates the thigh
25
Which medial thigh muscle adducts the thigh and flexes the knee?
gracilis
26
What does the adductor canal contain?
femoral artery
femoral vein
nerve to vastus medialis
saphenous nerve
27
What are the roots of the femoral nerve?
L2 L3 L4
28
The saphenous nerve is a branch of which nerve?
femoral nerve
29
Which nerve supplies all the medial thigh muscles?
obturator nerve
30
What are the nerve roots of the obturator nerve?
L2 L3 L4
31
What is the arterial supply of all the medial thigh muscles?
obturator artery
32
The obturator artery is a branch of which artery?
internal iliac artery
33
What are the medial thigh muscles collectively known as?
hip adductors
34
What forms the posterior border of the adductor cana?
adductor magnus and adductor longus
35
What forms the lateral border of the adductor canal?
vastus medialis
36
What forms the ateromedial border of the adductor canal?
sartorius
37
When the femoral artery and vein leave the adductor canal inferiorly, what do they become?
the popliteal artery and vein
38
What is the largest cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve?
the saphenous nerve
39
When remembering the contents of the femoral canal, the acronym NAVEL can be used. What does NAVEL stand for?
```
Nerve
Artery
Vein
Empty space
Lymph canal
```
40
The inguinal ligament forms which border of the femoral triangle?
superior
41
The medial border of adductor longus forms which border of the femoral triangle?
medial
42
What forms the lateral border of the femoral traingle?
medial border of sartorius
43
Which muscles will you find along the borders of the femoral triangle?
sartorius and adductor longus
44
What does the femoral triangle contain?
femoral nerve
femoral artery
femoral vein
femoral canal
45
What does the femoral canal contain?
lymph nodes and vessels
46
In the femoral triangle, the femoral artery, vein and canal are contained within a fascial compartment known as?
the femoral sheath
47
Name the anterior thigh muscles
```
ileopsoas
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
vastus medialis
rectus femoris
sartorius
pectineus
```
48
What are the anterior thigh muscles innervated by?
the femoral nerve
49
Which muscles combine to form ileopsoas?
iliacus and psoas major
50
What are the quadriceps femoris muscles?
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
vastus medialis
rectus femoris
51
Which muscle group shares a common tendon that attatches to the patella, stabilsing it and allowing extension of the leg?
quadriceps
52
What is the function of the vastus muscles?
extend the leg at the knee
53
What is the long strip of fascia that extends along the lateral thigh called?
fascia lata
54
What muscle is embedded in the fascia lata?
tensor fascia lata
55
What is the extension of the fascia lata down to the knee called?
the ileotibial tract
56
Name the posterior thigh muscles
biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
posterior portion of adductor magnus
57
What is the collective name for the posterior thigh muscles?
hamstrings
58
Which nerve innervates the hamstrings?
sciatic
59
What are the sciatic nerve roots?
L4 L5 S1 S2 S3
60
What does the sciatic nerve innervate?
posterior thigh muscles and hamstring part of adductor magnus
61
What innervates adductor magnus
obturator nerve and sciatic nerve (hamstring portion)
62
What is the general function of the posterior thigh muscles?
flex the knee and extend the hip
63
Give 5 ligaments of the knee
```
patella ligament
medial collateral ligament
lateral collateral ligament
anterior cruciate ligament
posterior cruciate ligament
```
64
What are the C shaped fibrocartilage parts of the knee called?
menisci
65
What is the function of the mensici in the knee?
acts as a shock absorber
| stabilises the knee
66
What are bursae filled with?
synovial fluid
67
What is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?
the patella
68
What is the function of bursae
reduce friction >> reduce wear and tear
69
ACL is short for which ligament?
anterior cruciate ligament
70
Which cruciate ligament attatches to the anterior part of the tibia?
anterior cruciate ligament
71
Which ligament prevents anterior dislocation of the tibia onto the femur?
anterior cruciate ligament
72
Which quadriceps muscle plays a role in preventing dislocation of the patella?
vastus medialis
73
Vastus medialis prevents dislocation of the patella in which direction?
prevents lateral dislocation
74
Apart from the action of vastus medialis, what helps prevent lateral dislocation of the patella when the knee is flexed?
lateral condyle of the femur is large
75
What forms the superolateral border of the popliteal fossa?
biceps femoris
76
What forms the superomedial border of the popliteal fossa?
semimembranosus
77
How many heads does gastrocnemius have?
two
78
What forms the inferomedial border of the popliteal fossa?
medial head of gastrocnemius
79
What forms the inferolateral border of the popliteal fossa?
lateral head of gastrocnemius and plantaris
80
Semimembranosus forms which border of the popliteal fossa?
superomedial
81
biceps femoris forms which border of the popliteal fossa?
superolateral
82
What does the popliteal fossa contain?
popliteal artery
popliteal vein
tibial nerve
common fibular nerve
83
The common fibular nerve is a branch of which nerve?
the sciatic nerve
84
The tibial nerve is a branch of which nerve?
the sciatic nerve
85
Which two nerves does the popliteal fossa contain?
the tibial nerve
| the common fibular nerve
86
What is another name for the common peroneal nerve?
the common fibular nerve
87
Name the muscles of the anterior leg
extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallicus longus
tibialis anterior
fibularis tertius
88
Which nerve innervates the anterior leg muscles?
deep fibular nerve
89
What is dorsiflexion?
moving the foot so it points up
90
What is plantar flexion?
moving the foot so it points down
91
What is inversion and eversion?
inversion- tilting of the sole of the foot towards the midline of the body
everson- tilting of the sole of the foot away from the midline of the body
92
What artery supplies the anterior leg muscles?
anterior tibial artery
93
Foot drop is a sign of damage to which nerve?
the common fibular nerve
94
Which branch of the fibular nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?
the deep fibular nerve
95
What action do all the anterior muscles of the leg have in common?
dorsiflexion
96
Which nerve innervates the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?
superficial fibular nerve
97
What action do the lateral muscles of the leg have in common?
evert the foot
98
What are the lateral leg muscles?
fibularis longus and fibularis brevis
99
which nerve innervates fibularis brevis?
the superficial fibular nerve
100
What artery supplies the lateral leg muscles ?
fibular artery
101
Which group of muscles does the anterior tibial artery supply?
anterior leg muscles
102
Name the muscles of the posterior leg
```
Gastrocnemius
Plantaris
Soleus
Popliteus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallicus longus
```
103
Which nerve innervates the posterior leg muscles?
the tibial nerve
104
Which artery supplies the posterior leg muscles?
posterior tibial artery
105
Which muscles acts as the main skeletal muscle pump in the leg?
soleus
106
Which muscles form the superficial group of the posterior leg muscles
gastrocnemius
plantaris
soleus
107
Which muscle flexes the big toe?
flexor hallicus longus
108
Which muscle flexes the lateral 4 toes?
flexor digitorum longus
109
What is the function of soleus?
plantarflexes the ankle
110
What is the function of gastrocnemius
plantarflxes the ankle
| flexes the knee
111
What mnemonic is used to remember the structures that pass through the tarsal tunnel?
Tom Dick And Very Naughty Harry
112
What passes through the tarsal tunnel?
```
Tibialis posterior tendon
Flexor digitorum longus tendon
Posterior tibial artery
Posterior tibial vein
Tibial nerve
Flexor hallucis longus tendon
```
113
Which nerve passes through the tarsal tunnel?
the tibial nerve
114
Which artery passes through the tarsal tunnel?
posterior tibial artery
115
Which vein passes through the tarsal tunnel?
posterior tibial vein
116
How many structures pass through the tarsal tunnel?
6
117
What band of fibrous tissue helps form the tarsal tunnel?
flexor retinaculum
118
Tarsal tunnel syndrome is from the compression of which nerve?
the tibial nerve
119
What are the proximal bones of the foot?
Talus
| Calcaneus
120
What is the intermediate bone of the foot?
navicular
121
What are the distal bones of the foot?
medial cuneiform
intermediate cuneiform
lateral cuneiform
cuboid
122
What is the anterior tibial artery a branch of ?
the popliteal artery
123
which artery is the popliteal artery a continuation of?
the femoral artery
124
When the external iliac artery crosses the inguinal ligament, what artery does it become?
the femoral artery
125
Which artery does the obturator artery arise from?
internal iliac artery
126
Which artery do the gluteal arteries arise from?
internal iliac artery
127
What does the popliteal artery divide into?
the anterior tibial artery and the tibioperoneal trunk
128
What does the tibioperoneal trunk bifercate into?
the posterior tibial artery
| the fibular artery
129
What does the anterior tibial artery become in the foor?
the dorsalis pedis artery
130
name the muscles of the back
```
trapezius
latissimus dorsi
rhomboid major
rhomboid minor
levator scapulae
```
131
Which back muscle does the accessory nerve innervate?
trapezius
132
How many muscles does the accessory nerve supply?
2
133
What nerve innervates trapezius and sternocleidomastoid?
The accessory nerve
134
What is the function of the upper fibres of trapezius?
elevate the scapula
135
What is the function of the middle fibres of trapezius?
retract the scapula
136
Which back muscle has lower fibres that depress the scapula?
trapezius
137
Which nerve innervates latissimus dorsi?
thoracodorsal nerve
138
What is the function of rhomboid major and rhomboid minor?
retract and rotate the scapula
139
Which nerve innervates both rhomboid major and rhomboid minor?
dorsal scapular nerve
140
Which nerve innervates levator scapulae?
dorsal scapular nerve
141
Which back muscle does the thoracodorsal nerve innervate?
latissimus dorsi
142
which back muscle adducts the arm and shoulder?
latissimus dorsi
143
Which back muscle is involved in medial rotation?
latissimus dorsi
144
Where in the body will you find the quadrangular space?
axilla
145
Which muscles will you find in the axilla?
coracobrachialis
| short head of biceps brachii
146
Which blood vessels will you find in the axilla?
the axillary artery and vein
147
Where does the short head of biceps brachii and coracobrachialis attach on the scapula?
the coracoid process
148
Which nerve passes through the quadrangular space?
axillary nerve
149
What are the 5 branches of the brachial plexus?
```
Musculocutaneous
Axillary
Median
Radial
Ulnar
```
150
What mneumonic can be used to remember the order of the branches of the brachial plexus?
Most Alcoholics Must Readilly Urinate
151
What are the cords of the brachial plexus?
lateral
Posterior
Medial
152
What are the branches of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?
Axillary and radial
153
What are the branches of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?
musculocutaneous and median
154
What are the branches of the medial cord of the brachial plexus?
median and ulnar
155
What are the trunks of the brachial plexus?
superior
Middle
Inferior
156
What are the roots of the brachial plexus?
C5-T1
157
What is the socket of the shoulder called?
the glenoid fossa
158
What type of dislocation is the most common type of shoulder dislocation?
anterior
159
Which nerve innervates deltoid?
axillary
160
What is the action of deltoid?
abducts the arm past 15 degrees
161
Teres major is innervated by which nerve?
lower subscapular nerve
162
What is the function of teres major?
adducts at shoulder and medially rotates the arm
163
What is the fibrocollagenous ridge that surrounds and deepens the glenoid fossa?
glenoid labrum
164
Where does deltoid attatch to the humerous?
the deltoid tuberosity on the lateral aspect of the humerous
165
Where does teres major attatch to the humerous?
intertubercular groove of the humeral head
166
What are the rotator cuff muscles?
supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
167
What is the rotator cuff mneumonic?
SITS
168
Which rotator cuff muscles are NOT innervated by the suprascapular nerve?
subscapularis
| Teres minor
169
Which nerve innervates subscapularis?
axillary nerve
170
Which nerve can a fracture to the humeral head damage?
axillary nerve
171
Only one of the rotator cuff muscles does NOT attach to the greater tubercle of the humerous. Which rotator cuff muscle is this?
subscapularis
172
Where does subscapularis attatch to the humerous?
the lesser tubercle
173
Where do supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor attach to the humerous?
greater tubercle
174
What is the action of infraspinatus and teres minor?
laterally rotate the arm
175
What is the action of subscapularis?
medially rotates the arm
176
Which muscles will you find in the anterior flexor compartment of the arm?
biceps brachii
brachialis
coracobrachialis
177
Which nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior flexor compartment of the arm?
musculcutaneous
178
Which nerve innervates biceps brachii?
musculocutaneous
179
What nerve innervates triceps brachii?
radial
180
What is the function of triceps brachii?
extends the arm at the elbow
181
What nerve innervates the muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm?
the radial nerve
182
What is the action of biceps brachii?
flexes arm at elbow
| supination of the forearm
183
What action does biceps brachii do to the forearm?
supination
184
which arm muscle acts as the main flexor of the elbow?
brachialis
185
What is the function of coracobrachialis?
flexes arm at shoulder
186
What colloquial name is given to the olecranon?
the funny bone
187
What is the nobbly pointy bit of the elbow?
the olecranon
188
What are the articulating surfaces in the elbow joint?
The head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerous
| The trochlear notch of the ulna and the trochlea of the humerous
189
Which nerve runs alongside the olecranon?
ulnar nerve
190
Which nerves will you find in the antecubital fossa?
radial and median
191
Which artery will you find in the antecubital fossa?
brachial artery
192
Which tendon will you find in the antecubital fossa?
biceps tendon
193
What are the major contents of the antecubital fossa?
radial nerve
biceps tendon
brachial artery
median nerve
194
What forms the lateral border of the antecubital fossa?
the medial border of brachioradialis
195
What forms the medial border of the antecubital fossa?
lateral border of pronator teres
196
What forms the superior border of the antecubital fossa?
imaginary line between the epicondyles
197
Name the anterior forearm muscles (superficial and deep)
```
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris Longus (absent in 15% of the population)
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus
```
198
Describe the innervation of the anterior forearm muscles
All innervated by the median nerve
apart from flexor carpi ulnaris which is innervated by the ulnar nerve. Flexor digitorum profundus is innervated by both the median nerve and the ulnar nerve
199
How can you remember the anterior forearm muscles?
PFPF+F lateral to medial
200
What is the action of pronator teres?
pronation of the forearm
201
What are the actions of flexor carpi radialis?
flexes and abducts the wrist
202
What is the action of palmaris longus?
flexes the wrist
203
What is the action of flexor carpi ulnaris?
flexes and adducts the wrist
204
What is the action of flexor digitorum superficialis?
flexes phalangeal joints
205
Which two nerves innervate flexor digitorum profundus?
median and ulnar
206
What number finger is the thumb?
1st finger
207
What are the muscles of the superficial compartment of the anterior forearm?
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
208
What muscle is in the intermediate compartment of the forearm?
flexor digitorum superficialis
209
What are the deep anterior forearm muscles?
flexor digitorum profundus
flexor pollicis longus
pronator quadratus
210
Which half of flexor digitorum profundus is supplied by the median nerve?
the lateral half
211
What are the superficial posterior forearm muscles?
```
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Anconeus
```
Big Chocolate Chips Double Dip Cherries
212
What innervates both the superficial and deep posterior forearm muscles?
the radial nerve
