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MSK peer teaching (anatomy) Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three superficial gluteal muscles

A

gluteus maxiumus, gluteus medius, gluteus minmus

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2
Q

Which nerve supplies gluteus maximus?

A

inferior gluteal nerve

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3
Q

Which nerve supplies gluteus medius and gluteus minimus?

A

superior gluteal nerve

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4
Q

Which gluteal muscle extends the thigh?

A

gluteus maximus

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5
Q

Which gluteal muscles abduct and medially rotate the lower limb?

A

gluteus medius and gluteus minimus

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6
Q

Pelvic drop results from the injury of which nerve?

A

superior gluteal nerve

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7
Q

Why does injury to the superior gluteal nerve result in pelvic drop?

A

This is the nerve that supplies gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
gluteus medius and gluteus minimus play an important role in stabiliing the pelvis when walking

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8
Q

Name the deep gluteal muscles

A 
piriformis
obturator internus 
superior gemellus
inferior gemellus
quadratus femoris
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9
Q

What are the functions of the deep gluteal muscles

A

all except quadratus femoris are lateral rotation and abduction.
Quadratus femoris is just lateral rotation

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10
Q

Name the basic parts of the femur

A 
head 
neck
greater trochanter 
lesser trochanter 
medial epicondyle
medial condyle
lateral epicondyle
lateral condyle 
intercondyler fossa
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11
Q

What is avascular necrosis?

A

death of bone tissue due to lack of blood supply

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12
Q

What type of fracture puts a child at risk of avascular necrosis?

A

neck of femur

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13
Q

Why does a neck of femur fracture in a child cause avascular necrosis in the head of the femur?

A

blood supply to the head of the femur is via the neck therefore a fracture cuts of the blood supply

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14
Q

In which direction is the hip most likely to dislocate?

A

posteriorly ( this is where the ligaments are weakest)

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15
Q

What is the socket called that the head of the femur sits in?

A

the acetabulum

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16
Q

Name the medial thigh muscles

A 
adductor magnus 
adductor longus
adductor brevis 
obturator externus 
gracilis
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17
Q

What is the function of the adductor part of adductor magnus?

A

adducts the hip

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18
Q

What is the function of the hamstring part of adductor magnus?

A

flexes/extends the hip

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19
Q

Which medial thigh muscle can adduct, flex and extend the hip?

A

adductor magnus

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20
Q

Which medial thigh muscles adducts and medially rotates the thigh?

A

adductor longus

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21
Q

Which medial thigh muscle simply adducts the thigh?

A

adductor brevis

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22
Q

What is the function of adductor brevis?

A

adducts the thigh

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23
Q

What are the functions of adductor longus?

A

adducts the thigh

medially rotates the thigh

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24
Q

What is the function of obturator externus?

A

laterally rotates the thigh

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25
Q

Which medial thigh muscle adducts the thigh and flexes the knee?

A

gracilis

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26
Q

What does the adductor canal contain?

A

femoral artery
femoral vein
nerve to vastus medialis
saphenous nerve

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27
Q

What are the roots of the femoral nerve?

A

L2 L3 L4

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28
Q

The saphenous nerve is a branch of which nerve?

A

femoral nerve

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29
Q

Which nerve supplies all the medial thigh muscles?

A

obturator nerve

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30
Q

What are the nerve roots of the obturator nerve?

A

L2 L3 L4

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31
Q

What is the arterial supply of all the medial thigh muscles?

A

obturator artery

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32
Q

The obturator artery is a branch of which artery?

A

internal iliac artery

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33
Q

What are the medial thigh muscles collectively known as?

A

hip adductors

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34
Q

What forms the posterior border of the adductor cana?

A

adductor magnus and adductor longus

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35
Q

What forms the lateral border of the adductor canal?

A

vastus medialis

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36
Q

What forms the ateromedial border of the adductor canal?

A

sartorius

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37
Q

When the femoral artery and vein leave the adductor canal inferiorly, what do they become?

A

the popliteal artery and vein

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38
Q

What is the largest cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve?

A

the saphenous nerve

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39
Q

When remembering the contents of the femoral canal, the acronym NAVEL can be used. What does NAVEL stand for?

A 
Nerve
Artery
Vein
Empty space
Lymph canal
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40
Q

The inguinal ligament forms which border of the femoral triangle?

A

superior

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41
Q

The medial border of adductor longus forms which border of the femoral triangle?

A

medial

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42
Q

What forms the lateral border of the femoral traingle?

A

medial border of sartorius

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43
Q

Which muscles will you find along the borders of the femoral triangle?

A

sartorius and adductor longus

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44
Q

What does the femoral triangle contain?

A

femoral nerve
femoral artery
femoral vein
femoral canal

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45
Q

What does the femoral canal contain?

A

lymph nodes and vessels

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46
Q

In the femoral triangle, the femoral artery, vein and canal are contained within a fascial compartment known as?

A

the femoral sheath

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47
Q

Name the anterior thigh muscles

A 
ileopsoas
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius 
vastus medialis 
rectus femoris 
sartorius 
pectineus
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48
Q

What are the anterior thigh muscles innervated by?

A

the femoral nerve

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49
Q

Which muscles combine to form ileopsoas?

A

iliacus and psoas major

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50
Q

What are the quadriceps femoris muscles?

A

vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
vastus medialis
rectus femoris

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51
Q

Which muscle group shares a common tendon that attatches to the patella, stabilsing it and allowing extension of the leg?

A

quadriceps

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52
Q

What is the function of the vastus muscles?

A

extend the leg at the knee

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53
Q

What is the long strip of fascia that extends along the lateral thigh called?

A

fascia lata

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54
Q

What muscle is embedded in the fascia lata?

A

tensor fascia lata

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55
Q

What is the extension of the fascia lata down to the knee called?

A

the ileotibial tract

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56
Q

Name the posterior thigh muscles

A

biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
posterior portion of adductor magnus

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57
Q

What is the collective name for the posterior thigh muscles?

A

hamstrings

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58
Q

Which nerve innervates the hamstrings?

A

sciatic

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59
Q

What are the sciatic nerve roots?

A

L4 L5 S1 S2 S3

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60
Q

What does the sciatic nerve innervate?

A

posterior thigh muscles and hamstring part of adductor magnus

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61
Q

What innervates adductor magnus

A

obturator nerve and sciatic nerve (hamstring portion)

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62
Q

What is the general function of the posterior thigh muscles?

A

flex the knee and extend the hip

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63
Q

Give 5 ligaments of the knee

A 
patella ligament 
medial collateral ligament 
lateral collateral ligament 
anterior cruciate ligament 
posterior cruciate ligament
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64
Q

What are the C shaped fibrocartilage parts of the knee called?

A

menisci

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65
Q

What is the function of the mensici in the knee?

A

acts as a shock absorber

stabilises the knee

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66
Q

What are bursae filled with?

A

synovial fluid

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67
Q

What is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?

A

the patella

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68
Q

What is the function of bursae

A

reduce friction&raquo_space; reduce wear and tear

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69
Q

ACL is short for which ligament?

A

anterior cruciate ligament

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70
Q

Which cruciate ligament attatches to the anterior part of the tibia?

A

anterior cruciate ligament

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71
Q

Which ligament prevents anterior dislocation of the tibia onto the femur?

A

anterior cruciate ligament

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72
Q

Which quadriceps muscle plays a role in preventing dislocation of the patella?

A

vastus medialis

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73
Q

Vastus medialis prevents dislocation of the patella in which direction?

A

prevents lateral dislocation

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74
Q

Apart from the action of vastus medialis, what helps prevent lateral dislocation of the patella when the knee is flexed?

A

lateral condyle of the femur is large

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75
Q

What forms the superolateral border of the popliteal fossa?

A

biceps femoris

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76
Q

What forms the superomedial border of the popliteal fossa?

A

semimembranosus

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77
Q

How many heads does gastrocnemius have?

A

two

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78
Q

What forms the inferomedial border of the popliteal fossa?

A

medial head of gastrocnemius

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79
Q

What forms the inferolateral border of the popliteal fossa?

A

lateral head of gastrocnemius and plantaris

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80
Q

Semimembranosus forms which border of the popliteal fossa?

A

superomedial

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81
Q

biceps femoris forms which border of the popliteal fossa?

A

superolateral

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82
Q

What does the popliteal fossa contain?

A

popliteal artery
popliteal vein
tibial nerve
common fibular nerve

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83
Q

The common fibular nerve is a branch of which nerve?

A

the sciatic nerve

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84
Q

The tibial nerve is a branch of which nerve?

A

the sciatic nerve

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85
Q

Which two nerves does the popliteal fossa contain?

A

the tibial nerve

the common fibular nerve

86
Q

What is another name for the common peroneal nerve?

A

the common fibular nerve

87
Q

Name the muscles of the anterior leg

A

extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallicus longus
tibialis anterior
fibularis tertius

88
Q

Which nerve innervates the anterior leg muscles?

A

deep fibular nerve

89
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

moving the foot so it points up

90
Q

What is plantar flexion?

A

moving the foot so it points down

91
Q

What is inversion and eversion?

A

inversion- tilting of the sole of the foot towards the midline of the body
everson- tilting of the sole of the foot away from the midline of the body

92
Q

What artery supplies the anterior leg muscles?

A

anterior tibial artery

93
Q

Foot drop is a sign of damage to which nerve?

A

the common fibular nerve

94
Q

Which branch of the fibular nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

the deep fibular nerve

95
Q

What action do all the anterior muscles of the leg have in common?

A

dorsiflexion

96
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

superficial fibular nerve

97
Q

What action do the lateral muscles of the leg have in common?

A

evert the foot

98
Q

What are the lateral leg muscles?

A

fibularis longus and fibularis brevis

99
Q

which nerve innervates fibularis brevis?

A

the superficial fibular nerve

100
Q

What artery supplies the lateral leg muscles ?

A

fibular artery

101
Q

Which group of muscles does the anterior tibial artery supply?

A

anterior leg muscles

102
Q

Name the muscles of the posterior leg

A 
Gastrocnemius 
Plantaris 
Soleus 
Popliteus 
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus 
Flexor hallicus longus
103
Q

Which nerve innervates the posterior leg muscles?

A

the tibial nerve

104
Q

Which artery supplies the posterior leg muscles?

A

posterior tibial artery

105
Q

Which muscles acts as the main skeletal muscle pump in the leg?

A

soleus

106
Q

Which muscles form the superficial group of the posterior leg muscles

A

gastrocnemius
plantaris
soleus

107
Q

Which muscle flexes the big toe?

A

flexor hallicus longus

108
Q

Which muscle flexes the lateral 4 toes?

A

flexor digitorum longus

109
Q

What is the function of soleus?

A

plantarflexes the ankle

110
Q

What is the function of gastrocnemius

A

plantarflxes the ankle

flexes the knee

111
Q

What mnemonic is used to remember the structures that pass through the tarsal tunnel?

A

Tom Dick And Very Naughty Harry

112
Q

What passes through the tarsal tunnel?

A 
Tibialis posterior tendon
Flexor digitorum longus tendon
Posterior tibial artery 
Posterior tibial vein
Tibial nerve 
Flexor hallucis longus tendon
113
Q

Which nerve passes through the tarsal tunnel?

A

the tibial nerve

114
Q

Which artery passes through the tarsal tunnel?

A

posterior tibial artery

115
Q

Which vein passes through the tarsal tunnel?

A

posterior tibial vein

116
Q

How many structures pass through the tarsal tunnel?

A

6

117
Q

What band of fibrous tissue helps form the tarsal tunnel?

A

flexor retinaculum

118
Q

Tarsal tunnel syndrome is from the compression of which nerve?

A

the tibial nerve

119
Q

What are the proximal bones of the foot?

A

Talus

Calcaneus

120
Q

What is the intermediate bone of the foot?

A

navicular

121
Q

What are the distal bones of the foot?

A

medial cuneiform
intermediate cuneiform
lateral cuneiform
cuboid

122
Q

What is the anterior tibial artery a branch of ?

A

the popliteal artery

123
Q

which artery is the popliteal artery a continuation of?

A

the femoral artery

124
Q

When the external iliac artery crosses the inguinal ligament, what artery does it become?

A

the femoral artery

125
Q

Which artery does the obturator artery arise from?

A

internal iliac artery

126
Q

Which artery do the gluteal arteries arise from?

A

internal iliac artery

127
Q

What does the popliteal artery divide into?

A

the anterior tibial artery and the tibioperoneal trunk

128
Q

What does the tibioperoneal trunk bifercate into?

A

the posterior tibial artery

the fibular artery

129
Q

What does the anterior tibial artery become in the foor?

A

the dorsalis pedis artery

130
Q

name the muscles of the back

A 
trapezius
latissimus dorsi
rhomboid major
rhomboid minor 
levator scapulae
131
Q

Which back muscle does the accessory nerve innervate?

A

trapezius

132
Q

How many muscles does the accessory nerve supply?

A

2

133
Q

What nerve innervates trapezius and sternocleidomastoid?

A

The accessory nerve

134
Q

What is the function of the upper fibres of trapezius?

A

elevate the scapula

135
Q

What is the function of the middle fibres of trapezius?

A

retract the scapula

136
Q

Which back muscle has lower fibres that depress the scapula?

A

trapezius

137
Q

Which nerve innervates latissimus dorsi?

A

thoracodorsal nerve

138
Q

What is the function of rhomboid major and rhomboid minor?

A

retract and rotate the scapula

139
Q

Which nerve innervates both rhomboid major and rhomboid minor?

A

dorsal scapular nerve

140
Q

Which nerve innervates levator scapulae?

A

dorsal scapular nerve

141
Q

Which back muscle does the thoracodorsal nerve innervate?

A

latissimus dorsi

142
Q

which back muscle adducts the arm and shoulder?

A

latissimus dorsi

143
Q

Which back muscle is involved in medial rotation?

A

latissimus dorsi

144
Q

Where in the body will you find the quadrangular space?

A

axilla

145
Q

Which muscles will you find in the axilla?

A

coracobrachialis

short head of biceps brachii

146
Q

Which blood vessels will you find in the axilla?

A

the axillary artery and vein

147
Q

Where does the short head of biceps brachii and coracobrachialis attach on the scapula?

A

the coracoid process

148
Q

Which nerve passes through the quadrangular space?

A

axillary nerve

149
Q

What are the 5 branches of the brachial plexus?

A 
Musculocutaneous 
Axillary 
Median 
Radial
Ulnar
150
Q

What mneumonic can be used to remember the order of the branches of the brachial plexus?

A

Most Alcoholics Must Readilly Urinate

151
Q

What are the cords of the brachial plexus?

A

lateral
Posterior
Medial

152
Q

What are the branches of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?

A

Axillary and radial

153
Q

What are the branches of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?

A

musculocutaneous and median

154
Q

What are the branches of the medial cord of the brachial plexus?

A

median and ulnar

155
Q

What are the trunks of the brachial plexus?

A

superior
Middle
Inferior

156
Q

What are the roots of the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1

157
Q

What is the socket of the shoulder called?

A

the glenoid fossa

158
Q

What type of dislocation is the most common type of shoulder dislocation?

A

anterior

159
Q

Which nerve innervates deltoid?

A

axillary

160
Q

What is the action of deltoid?

A

abducts the arm past 15 degrees

161
Q

Teres major is innervated by which nerve?

A

lower subscapular nerve

162
Q

What is the function of teres major?

A

adducts at shoulder and medially rotates the arm

163
Q

What is the fibrocollagenous ridge that surrounds and deepens the glenoid fossa?

A

glenoid labrum

164
Q

Where does deltoid attatch to the humerous?

A

the deltoid tuberosity on the lateral aspect of the humerous

165
Q

Where does teres major attatch to the humerous?

A

intertubercular groove of the humeral head

166
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

A

supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

167
Q

What is the rotator cuff mneumonic?

A

SITS

168
Q

Which rotator cuff muscles are NOT innervated by the suprascapular nerve?

A

subscapularis

Teres minor

169
Q

Which nerve innervates subscapularis?

A

axillary nerve

170
Q

Which nerve can a fracture to the humeral head damage?

A

axillary nerve

171
Q

Only one of the rotator cuff muscles does NOT attach to the greater tubercle of the humerous. Which rotator cuff muscle is this?

A

subscapularis

172
Q

Where does subscapularis attatch to the humerous?

A

the lesser tubercle

173
Q

Where do supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor attach to the humerous?

A

greater tubercle

174
Q

What is the action of infraspinatus and teres minor?

A

laterally rotate the arm

175
Q

What is the action of subscapularis?

A

medially rotates the arm

176
Q

Which muscles will you find in the anterior flexor compartment of the arm?

A

biceps brachii
brachialis
coracobrachialis

177
Q

Which nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior flexor compartment of the arm?

A

musculcutaneous

178
Q

Which nerve innervates biceps brachii?

A

musculocutaneous

179
Q

What nerve innervates triceps brachii?

A

radial

180
Q

What is the function of triceps brachii?

A

extends the arm at the elbow

181
Q

What nerve innervates the muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

the radial nerve

182
Q

What is the action of biceps brachii?

A

flexes arm at elbow

supination of the forearm

183
Q

What action does biceps brachii do to the forearm?

A

supination

184
Q

which arm muscle acts as the main flexor of the elbow?

A

brachialis

185
Q

What is the function of coracobrachialis?

A

flexes arm at shoulder

186
Q

What colloquial name is given to the olecranon?

A

the funny bone

187
Q

What is the nobbly pointy bit of the elbow?

A

the olecranon

188
Q

What are the articulating surfaces in the elbow joint?

A

The head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerous

The trochlear notch of the ulna and the trochlea of the humerous

189
Q

Which nerve runs alongside the olecranon?

A

ulnar nerve

190
Q

Which nerves will you find in the antecubital fossa?

A

radial and median

191
Q

Which artery will you find in the antecubital fossa?

A

brachial artery

192
Q

Which tendon will you find in the antecubital fossa?

A

biceps tendon

193
Q

What are the major contents of the antecubital fossa?

A

radial nerve
biceps tendon
brachial artery
median nerve

194
Q

What forms the lateral border of the antecubital fossa?

A

the medial border of brachioradialis

195
Q

What forms the medial border of the antecubital fossa?

A

lateral border of pronator teres

196
Q

What forms the superior border of the antecubital fossa?

A

imaginary line between the epicondyles

197
Q

Name the anterior forearm muscles (superficial and deep)

A 
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis 
Palmaris Longus (absent in 15% of the population)
Flexor carpi ulnaris 
Flexor digitorum superficialis 
Flexor digitorum profundus 
Flexor pollicis longus 
Pronator quadratus
198
Q

Describe the innervation of the anterior forearm muscles

A

All innervated by the median nerve
apart from flexor carpi ulnaris which is innervated by the ulnar nerve. Flexor digitorum profundus is innervated by both the median nerve and the ulnar nerve

199
Q

How can you remember the anterior forearm muscles?

A

PFPF+F lateral to medial

200
Q

What is the action of pronator teres?

A

pronation of the forearm

201
Q

What are the actions of flexor carpi radialis?

A

flexes and abducts the wrist

202
Q

What is the action of palmaris longus?

A

flexes the wrist

203
Q

What is the action of flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

flexes and adducts the wrist

204
Q

What is the action of flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

flexes phalangeal joints

205
Q

Which two nerves innervate flexor digitorum profundus?

A

median and ulnar

206
Q

What number finger is the thumb?

A

1st finger

207
Q

What are the muscles of the superficial compartment of the anterior forearm?

A

Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris

208
Q

What muscle is in the intermediate compartment of the forearm?

A

flexor digitorum superficialis

209
Q

What are the deep anterior forearm muscles?

A

flexor digitorum profundus
flexor pollicis longus
pronator quadratus

210
Q

Which half of flexor digitorum profundus is supplied by the median nerve?

A

the lateral half

211
Q

What are the superficial posterior forearm muscles?

A 
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus 
Extensor carpi radialis brevis 
Extensor digitorum 
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris 
Anconeus

Big Chocolate Chips Double Dip Cherries

212
Q

What innervates both the superficial and deep posterior forearm muscles?

A

the radial nerve

MSK (2 decks)

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