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MSK PATHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Aetiology / Prevalence of the MENISCAL TEAR ?

A
  • EXCESSIVE FORCE
    Twisting injury / at flexed knee
    -
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2
Q

What is LATERAL EPICONDYLAGIA ?
(Tennis Elbow)

A

Its a common overuse syndrome in the elbow, involving the EXTENSOR MUSCLE of the forearm.
Its caused by excessive overuse.

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3
Q

What are the Prevalence / Aetiology of the Tennis Elbow ?

A
  • Affect 1 - 3% of population, male = female.
  • 40 - 50 y/o
  • Self Limiting
  • Smoking / Obesity
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4
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Tennis Elbow ?

A
  • Pain on the EXTENSOR MUSCLES of the forearm.
    (ECRB / ECRL / EDM)
  • Pain located on the lateral epicondyle.
  • Aggravated by resisted wrist + finger EXT
  • Aggravated by forearm supination
  • Pain on Gripping.
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5
Q

What are the Possible management for Tennis Elbow ?

A

Load Management / Exercise

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6
Q

What is MEDIAL EPICONDYLALGIA ?
(GOLFERS ELBOW)

A

Its an overuse syndrome of the elbow affecting the FLEXORS + PRONATORS of the arm.
PRONATOR TERES + FCR

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7
Q

What are the Prevalence / Aetiology of the Golfers Elbow ?

A
  • Common between the age of 40 - 60 y/o
  • Female are more prone
  • Golfers
  • Manual Worker
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8
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Golfers Elbow ?

A
  • Pain on the medial side
  • Tender on palpation
  • Reduced Grip Strength
  • AGGS : Throwing / Gripping
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9
Q

What are the possible management of Golfers Elbow ?

A

Load management / Exercise

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10
Q

What is Plantar Fasciopathy ?

A

Its a Contractile issue of the sole of the foot.

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11
Q

What are the Prevalence / Aetiology of Plantar Fasciopathy ?

A

45 - 60 y/o
Increased BMI
Over Pronated Foot
Reduced Gastroc Length
Hallux Valgus

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12
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Plantar Fasciopathy ?

A
  • Painful in the morning and after activities
  • Pain on proximal insertion of Plantar Fascia (calcaneus)
  • Pain with Big toe EXT + ankle Dorsi Flexion
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13
Q

What are the possible management for Plantar Fasciopathy ?

A

Orthotics / Steroid Injection / Shockwave

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14
Q

What is Adhesive Capsulitis ?

A

Its an inflammatory condition whereby, the fibrosis of the GH joint capsule gradually and progressively become stiff.

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15
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms of each stage for ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS ?

A

1.) ACUTE/FREEZING PHASE (2-9 months)
- Gradual onset of pain at rest
- Sharp pain on motion
- Night pain

2.) FROZEN STAGE (4-12 months)
- Pain subsides
- Loss of ROM
- Pain on extreme movement

3.) RESOLUTION PHASE (5-24 months)
- Spontaneous improvements in ROM
- Possible long term pain + disability.

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16
Q

What are the AETIOLOGY of Adhesive Capsulitis ?

A
  • Pain + stiffness in the shoulder.
  • Gradually becomes hard to move .
  • Common in age 40-60 y/o.
  • FEMALES
  • Diabetes
  • Insidious Onset
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17
Q

What are the possible management for Adhesive Capsulitis ?

A
  • Mobility Exercise
  • Eccentric loading to lengthen tissues
  • High SIN Steroids injection
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18
Q

What is SPONDYLOLISTHESIS ?

A

Its the anterior translation of the superior vertebra to the inferior vertebra.
most common at L4/L5 L5/S1.

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19
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of SPONDYLOLISTHESIS ?

A
  • Back pain
  • Nerve symptoms (P+N / numbness)
  • May have no symptoms
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20
Q

What are the Prevalence of Spondylolisthesis ?

A
  • Trauma
  • Degeneration
  • Spondylolisis Pars #
  • Bone tissue disorders
  • Genetics (hypermobile / spina bifida)
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21
Q

What are the possible management for Spondylolisthesis ?

A
  • Nerve Decompression
  • Stabilisation Surgery
  • Reassurance
  • Increase strength (Graded exposure)
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22
Q

What is SPONDYLOSIS ?
(normal age related changes)

A

Its a term for osteoarthritic changes in the spine. It can affect the:
- Vertebra
- Intervertebral discs
- Ligaments
- Facet joints

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23
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Spondylosis ?

A
  • may / may not cause pain
  • local pain / muscle spasm
  • Xray shows osteophytes formation
  • Can cause Stenosis
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24
Q

What are the possible management for spondylosis ?

A
  • Address individuals beliefs + Goals
  • Reassurance that it’s normal
  • Encourage normal MVT + Function
  • Increase ROM
  • Graded Exposure
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25
What is SPINAL STENOSIS ?
Its the central / Foraminal canal narrowing.
26
What is the Prevalence / Aetiology of Spinal stenosis ?
- Normal with ageing (50 y/o +) Can be due to : Osteophytes Disc Herniation Thickening of Lgt Tumours
27
What are the signs + symptoms of Spinal Stenosis ?
- May look normal on scans - Neck or low back pain - potentially nerve symptoms - IMPROVES WITH FLEXION RED FLAG: - Cx = Myelopathy - Lx = CES
28
What are the possible management for spinal stenosis ?
- Decompression Surgery - Advice + Education on pathology - Pain management - Exercise
29
What is ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS ?
Its an inflammatory arthritis that is all over the body. It’s characterised as dysregulation of the immune system resulting in tissue damage. Mainly affects Lgt/Tendons attached to the bones. (Lower back pain)
30
What are the signs and symptoms of Ankylosing Spondylitis ?
- Gradual back pain and stiffness. - Persistent for 3 months - Feels better with exercise - Weight loss - Fatigue - Fever / Night sweats - Morning stiffness XRAY = osteophytes / fusion MRI = Inflammation
31
What are the Prevalence of Ankylosing Spondylitis ?
- Genetic (HLAB- gene) - Men - Late Adolescent - Smoking
32
What are the possible management for Ankylosing Spondylitis ?
- Low impact exercise (walking/swimming/pilates) - Medication (NSAID'S) - AROM / PROM (maintain ROM + keep good posture)
33
What is Iliotibial Band Syndrome ?
Its a non traumatic over use injury, usually when hip ABD are weak.
34
What causes ITBS ?
Repetitive bending of the knee during a physical activity. Also can be caused by compression of the innervated local adipose tissue. impingement between heel strike and early stance.
35
What are the signs and symptoms of ITBS ?
- Gradual onset - Burning pain at the lateral femoral epicondyle . - Inflammation - Pain worsens going down the stairs / running - audible snapping sensation during FLEXION
36
What are the Risk factors of ITBS ?
- Repetitive Knee Flexion + Extension - Long Distance Running - Sudden increase in activity levels - weakness in hip ABDUCTORS
37
What are the possible management for ITBS ?
- Activity modification - Education on active rest - Heat therapy for pain relief - Stretching Glutes if Its too short - Shockwave Therapy (stimulates soft tissue healing) - Strengthen ABD muscles
38
What are some clinical presentations of Anterior Knee Pain ?
- Functional Deficit - Crepitus - Instability - Pain worsens when walking downstairs / squatting / instability (giving way)
39
What is the AETIOLOGY of Anterior Knee pain?
- Knee pain is multifactorial - Patellar abnormality/muscular imbalance or weakness - overuse injury.
40
What are some anterior knee pain management ?
- Surgery for bone abnormalities. - Re alignment - Re education for any maladaptive pattern - Exercise paired w/Taping - QUAD / HAMS strengthening exercise
41
What is shoulder Instability ?
The labrum or Lgt stretch or tear, then the shoulder has a greater tendency to dislocate and sublux.
42
What is Bankart Lesions in shoulder instability ?
Its when the injury occurs at such a force that the labrum is torn from the bone.
43
What are the possible management for Shoulder Instability
- Muscle control + Strengthening exercises - Surgery for Chronic instability (keyhole/openshoulder)
44
What is Femoral Acetabular Impingement ? (FAI)
Its a mechanical process by which abnormalities of the acetabulum/femur combined with vigorous hip motion can damage soft tissue structures.
45
What are the signs and symptoms of FAI?
- Hip or Groin pain - Pain in thigh / back / bum - Stiffness - Reduced ROM - Clicking or catching - Locking / giving way
46
What are the prevalence / Risk FACTOR of FAI ?
- CAM = MEN - PINCER = WOMEN - Repetitive Hip Flexion - Hx of hip disease - surgical overcorrection
47
What are the possible management for Femoral Acetabular Impingement ?
SURGERY - reshaping acetabulum - labral repair - LL strengthening
48
How does a Meniscal issue occur ?
Excessive force applied to a normal meniscus or a normal force on a degenerative meniscus. Twisting on a semi-flexed limb weight bearing through knee.
49
What are the signs and symptoms of a Meniscal Issue ?
- Clicking + Grinding - Instability - True Locking - Minimal Swelling - 50y/o + Degenerative tears - Pain worse on flexed / wb activities
50
What are the different types of Meniscal tear?
ACUTE TEARS - Usually from trauma injury and may require surgery. DEGENERATIVE TEARS - occur in elderly w/ minimal trauma - Treated with physio // NSAIDs
51
What are the possible management for Meniscal Issue ?
- Meniscal repair surgery / meniscectomy - Strengthen surrounding muscles - Exercise (ROM) - RICE (pain + swelling) - Joint Mobs
52
What is a Ligament Injury (sprain) ?
Its an injury to the collagen tissue, which affects the stability and proprioception at a joint. Its usually caused by a sudden force on the inelastic fibres pushing them outside their normal ROM.
53
What are the possible management for Ligament injuries ?
- Strength and Proprioception - Sport specific skill - Ice therapy - Graded exposure - Progressive overload education
54
What is Osteoarthritis ?
Its a Chronic condition of the joints. It affects articular cartilage / joint capsule / Ligaments / Synovial Membrane . The articular cartilage degenerates due to fibrilation and full thickness loss of the joint.
55
What are the Signs + Symptoms of Osteoarthritis
- Pain on weight bearing - Reduced AROM + PROM - Swelling - Clicking / Grinding - Morning stiffness - Aggravated by cold/wet weather - Improves with Activity
56
What are the possible Management for Osteoarthritis ?
- Education - Pharmalogical management - Referral to joint surgery - Activity Modification
57
What is Radiculopathy ?
Its a mechanical compression of a nerve root usually at the foramen exit. This may be secondary to - degenerative disc disease - OA - Facet joint degeneration - Tumour
58
What are the Signs and symptoms of Radiculopathy ?
- Pain - Numbness - Tingling - Localised neck / back pain - Hypersensitivity - weakness
59
What are the Prevalence / Risk of Radiculopathy ?
40 - 50 y/o - Female - Car accident - Smoking - Diabetes
60
What are the possible management for Radiculopathy ?
- Anti inflammatory medications - Epidural steroid injection (Decreases inflammation + Irritation) - Heat therapy to relax tight muscles.
61
What is Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy ?
Its a pathology caused by overuse / underuse of the muscle.
62
What are the signs and symptoms of Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy ?
- Gradual onset - Pain / on elevation + ABD - Lifting is an Aggs - weakness - Localised swelling
63
What are the possible management for Rotator cuff Tendinopathy ?
- NSAIDS - Manual therapy - ROM + Strengthening - Education - Isometric Exercise decreases pain
64
What is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ?
Its a peripheral nerve entrapment of the median nerve. This can be due to physical compression (Bones / Oedema) or an Irritation due to lack of nerve mobility.
65
What are the signs and symptoms of Carpal Tunnel syndrome ?
- Pain / Burning (EXT) - Paraesthesia / Anaesthesia on cutaneous distribution of the median nerve. - Worse at night - Difficulty gripping - Atrophy of Thenar eminance
66
What are the Prevalence and Risk of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ?
- Hx repetitive wrist movements - Obesity - RA - Pregnancy - Female
67
What are the possible management of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ?
- Education - Activity modification - Strengthening - Soft tissue Mobs - Splinting
68
What is Achilles Tendinopathy ?
Its a pain and dysfunction of the achilles tendon generally, due to overload / underload.
69
What are the signs and symptoms of Achilles Tendinopathy ?
- Pain and swelling around the tendon. - Pain worse before + after exercise - Eases during the activity - Tender - Swelling
70
What are the possible Management for Achilles Tendinopathy ?
- Education - Load Management - Exercise (graded exposure) - surgery

CS THEORY (6 decks)

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