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CS THEORY > MSK PATHOLOGY > Flashcards

MSK PATHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Aetiology / Prevalence of the MENISCAL TEAR ?

A
  • EXCESSIVE FORCE
    Twisting injury / at flexed knee
    -
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2
Q

What is LATERAL EPICONDYLAGIA ?
(Tennis Elbow)

A

Its a common overuse syndrome in the elbow, involving the EXTENSOR MUSCLE of the forearm.
Its caused by excessive overuse.

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3
Q

What are the Prevalence / Aetiology of the Tennis Elbow ?

A
  • Affect 1 - 3% of population, male = female.
  • 40 - 50 y/o
  • Self Limiting
  • Smoking / Obesity
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4
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Tennis Elbow ?

A
  • Pain on the EXTENSOR MUSCLES of the forearm.
    (ECRB / ECRL / EDM)
  • Pain located on the lateral epicondyle.
  • Aggravated by resisted wrist + finger EXT
  • Aggravated by forearm supination
  • Pain on Gripping.
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5
Q

What are the Possible management for Tennis Elbow ?

A

Load Management / Exercise

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6
Q

What is MEDIAL EPICONDYLALGIA ?
(GOLFERS ELBOW)

A

Its an overuse syndrome of the elbow affecting the FLEXORS + PRONATORS of the arm.
PRONATOR TERES + FCR

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7
Q

What are the Prevalence / Aetiology of the Golfers Elbow ?

A
  • Common between the age of 40 - 60 y/o
  • Female are more prone
  • Golfers
  • Manual Worker
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8
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Golfers Elbow ?

A
  • Pain on the medial side
  • Tender on palpation
  • Reduced Grip Strength
  • AGGS : Throwing / Gripping
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9
Q

What are the possible management of Golfers Elbow ?

A

Load management / Exercise

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10
Q

What is Plantar Fasciopathy ?

A

Its a Contractile issue of the sole of the foot.

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11
Q

What are the Prevalence / Aetiology of Plantar Fasciopathy ?

A

45 - 60 y/o
Increased BMI
Over Pronated Foot
Reduced Gastroc Length
Hallux Valgus

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12
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Plantar Fasciopathy ?

A
  • Painful in the morning and after activities
  • Pain on proximal insertion of Plantar Fascia (calcaneus)
  • Pain with Big toe EXT + ankle Dorsi Flexion
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13
Q

What are the possible management for Plantar Fasciopathy ?

A

Orthotics / Steroid Injection / Shockwave

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14
Q

What is Adhesive Capsulitis ?

A

Its an inflammatory condition whereby, the fibrosis of the GH joint capsule gradually and progressively become stiff.

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15
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms of each stage for ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS ?

A

1.) ACUTE/FREEZING PHASE (2-9 months)
- Gradual onset of pain at rest
- Sharp pain on motion
- Night pain

2.) FROZEN STAGE (4-12 months)
- Pain subsides
- Loss of ROM
- Pain on extreme movement

3.) RESOLUTION PHASE (5-24 months)
- Spontaneous improvements in ROM
- Possible long term pain + disability.

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16
Q

What are the AETIOLOGY of Adhesive Capsulitis ?

A
  • Pain + stiffness in the shoulder.
  • Gradually becomes hard to move .
  • Common in age 40-60 y/o.
  • FEMALES
  • Diabetes
  • Insidious Onset
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17
Q

What are the possible management for Adhesive Capsulitis ?

A
  • Mobility Exercise
  • Eccentric loading to lengthen tissues
  • High SIN Steroids injection
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18
Q

What is SPONDYLOLISTHESIS ?

A

Its the anterior translation of the superior vertebra to the inferior vertebra.
most common at L4/L5 L5/S1.

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19
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of SPONDYLOLISTHESIS ?

A
  • Back pain
  • Nerve symptoms (P+N / numbness)
  • May have no symptoms
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20
Q

What are the Prevalence of Spondylolisthesis ?

A
  • Trauma
  • Degeneration
  • Spondylolisis Pars #
  • Bone tissue disorders
  • Genetics (hypermobile / spina bifida)
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21
Q

What are the possible management for Spondylolisthesis ?

A
  • Nerve Decompression
  • Stabilisation Surgery
  • Reassurance
  • Increase strength (Graded exposure)
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22
Q

What is SPONDYLOSIS ?
(normal age related changes)

A

Its a term for osteoarthritic changes in the spine. It can affect the:
- Vertebra
- Intervertebral discs
- Ligaments
- Facet joints

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23
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Spondylosis ?

A
  • may / may not cause pain
  • local pain / muscle spasm
  • Xray shows osteophytes formation
  • Can cause Stenosis
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24
Q

What are the possible management for spondylosis ?

A
  • Address individuals beliefs + Goals
  • Reassurance that it’s normal
  • Encourage normal MVT + Function
  • Increase ROM
  • Graded Exposure
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25
Q

What is SPINAL STENOSIS ?

A

Its the central / Foraminal canal narrowing.

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26
Q

What is the Prevalence / Aetiology of Spinal stenosis ?

A
  • Normal with ageing (50 y/o +)
    Can be due to :
    Osteophytes
    Disc Herniation
    Thickening of Lgt
    Tumours
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27
Q

What are the signs + symptoms of Spinal Stenosis ?

A
  • May look normal on scans
  • Neck or low back pain
  • potentially nerve symptoms
  • IMPROVES WITH FLEXION

RED FLAG:
- Cx = Myelopathy
- Lx = CES

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28
Q

What are the possible management for spinal stenosis ?

A
  • Decompression Surgery
  • Advice + Education on pathology
  • Pain management
  • Exercise
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29
Q

What is ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS ?

A

Its an inflammatory arthritis that is all over the body. It’s characterised as dysregulation of the immune system resulting in tissue damage.
Mainly affects Lgt/Tendons attached to the bones. (Lower back pain)

30
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Ankylosing Spondylitis ?

A
  • Gradual back pain and stiffness.
  • Persistent for 3 months
  • Feels better with exercise
  • Weight loss
  • Fatigue
  • Fever / Night sweats
  • Morning stiffness

XRAY = osteophytes / fusion
MRI = Inflammation

31
Q

What are the Prevalence of Ankylosing Spondylitis ?

A
  • Genetic (HLAB- gene)
  • Men
  • Late Adolescent
  • Smoking
32
Q

What are the possible management for Ankylosing Spondylitis ?

A
  • Low impact exercise (walking/swimming/pilates)
  • Medication (NSAID’S)
  • AROM / PROM (maintain ROM + keep good posture)
33
Q

What is Iliotibial Band Syndrome ?

A

Its a non traumatic over use injury, usually when hip ABD are weak.

34
Q

What causes ITBS ?

A

Repetitive bending of the knee during a physical activity.
Also can be caused by compression of the innervated local adipose tissue.
impingement between heel strike and early stance.

35
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of ITBS ?

A
  • Gradual onset
  • Burning pain at the lateral femoral epicondyle .
  • Inflammation
  • Pain worsens going down the stairs / running
  • audible snapping sensation during FLEXION
36
Q

What are the Risk factors of ITBS ?

A
  • Repetitive Knee Flexion + Extension
  • Long Distance Running
  • Sudden increase in activity levels
  • weakness in hip ABDUCTORS
37
Q

What are the possible management for ITBS ?

A
  • Activity modification
  • Education on active rest
  • Heat therapy for pain relief
  • Stretching Glutes if Its too short
  • Shockwave Therapy (stimulates soft tissue healing)
  • Strengthen ABD muscles
38
Q

What are some clinical presentations of Anterior Knee Pain ?

A
  • Functional Deficit
  • Crepitus
  • Instability
  • Pain worsens when walking downstairs / squatting / instability (giving way)
39
Q

What is the AETIOLOGY of Anterior Knee pain?

A
  • Knee pain is multifactorial
  • Patellar abnormality/muscular imbalance or weakness
  • overuse injury.
40
Q

What are some anterior knee pain management ?

A
  • Surgery for bone abnormalities.
  • Re alignment
  • Re education for any maladaptive pattern
  • Exercise paired w/Taping
  • QUAD / HAMS strengthening exercise
41
Q

What is shoulder Instability ?

A

The labrum or Lgt stretch or tear, then the shoulder has a greater tendency to dislocate and sublux.

42
Q

What is Bankart Lesions in shoulder instability ?

A

Its when the injury occurs at such a force that the labrum is torn from the bone.

43
Q

What are the possible management for Shoulder Instability

A
  • Muscle control + Strengthening exercises
  • Surgery for Chronic instability (keyhole/openshoulder)
44
Q

What is Femoral Acetabular Impingement ?
(FAI)

A

Its a mechanical process by which abnormalities of the acetabulum/femur combined with vigorous hip motion can damage soft tissue structures.

45
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of FAI?

A
  • Hip or Groin pain
  • Pain in thigh / back / bum
  • Stiffness
  • Reduced ROM
  • Clicking or catching
  • Locking / giving way
46
Q

What are the prevalence / Risk FACTOR of FAI ?

A
  • CAM = MEN
  • PINCER = WOMEN
  • Repetitive Hip Flexion
  • Hx of hip disease
  • surgical overcorrection
47
Q

What are the possible management for Femoral Acetabular Impingement ?

A

SURGERY
- reshaping acetabulum
- labral repair
- LL strengthening

48
Q

How does a Meniscal issue occur ?

A

Excessive force applied to a normal meniscus or a normal force on a degenerative meniscus.
Twisting on a semi-flexed limb weight bearing through knee.

49
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a Meniscal Issue ?

A
  • Clicking + Grinding
  • Instability
  • True Locking
  • Minimal Swelling
  • 50y/o +
    Degenerative tears
  • Pain worse on flexed / wb activities
50
Q

What are the different types of Meniscal tear?

A

ACUTE TEARS
- Usually from trauma injury and may require surgery.

DEGENERATIVE TEARS
- occur in elderly w/ minimal trauma
- Treated with physio // NSAIDs

51
Q

What are the possible management for Meniscal Issue ?

A
  • Meniscal repair surgery / meniscectomy
  • Strengthen surrounding muscles
  • Exercise (ROM)
  • RICE (pain + swelling)
  • Joint Mobs
52
Q

What is a Ligament Injury (sprain) ?

A

Its an injury to the collagen tissue, which affects the stability and proprioception at a joint.
Its usually caused by a sudden force on the inelastic fibres pushing them outside their normal ROM.

53
Q

What are the possible management for Ligament injuries ?

A
  • Strength and Proprioception
  • Sport specific skill
  • Ice therapy
  • Graded exposure
  • Progressive overload education
54
Q

What is Osteoarthritis ?

A

Its a Chronic condition of the joints.
It affects articular cartilage / joint capsule / Ligaments / Synovial Membrane .
The articular cartilage degenerates due to fibrilation and full thickness loss of the joint.

55
Q

What are the Signs + Symptoms of Osteoarthritis

A
  • Pain on weight bearing
  • Reduced AROM + PROM
  • Swelling
  • Clicking / Grinding
  • Morning stiffness
  • Aggravated by cold/wet weather
  • Improves with Activity
56
Q

What are the possible Management for Osteoarthritis ?

A
  • Education
  • Pharmalogical management
  • Referral to joint surgery
  • Activity Modification
57
Q

What is Radiculopathy ?

A

Its a mechanical compression of a nerve root usually at the foramen exit.
This may be secondary to
- degenerative disc disease
- OA
- Facet joint degeneration
- Tumour

58
Q

What are the Signs and symptoms of Radiculopathy ?

A
  • Pain
  • Numbness
  • Tingling
  • Localised neck / back pain
  • Hypersensitivity
  • weakness
59
Q

What are the Prevalence / Risk of Radiculopathy ?

A

40 - 50 y/o
- Female
- Car accident
- Smoking
- Diabetes

60
Q

What are the possible management for Radiculopathy ?

A
  • Anti inflammatory medications
  • Epidural steroid injection
    (Decreases inflammation + Irritation)
  • Heat therapy to relax tight muscles.
61
Q

What is Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy ?

A

Its a pathology caused by overuse / underuse of the muscle.

62
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy ?

A
  • Gradual onset
  • Pain / on elevation + ABD
  • Lifting is an Aggs
  • weakness
  • Localised swelling
63
Q

What are the possible management for Rotator cuff Tendinopathy ?

A
  • NSAIDS
  • Manual therapy
  • ROM + Strengthening
  • Education
  • Isometric Exercise decreases pain
64
Q

What is Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ?

A

Its a peripheral nerve entrapment of the median nerve.
This can be due to physical compression (Bones / Oedema) or an Irritation due to lack of nerve mobility.

65
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Carpal Tunnel syndrome ?

A
  • Pain / Burning (EXT)
  • Paraesthesia / Anaesthesia on cutaneous distribution of the median nerve.
  • Worse at night
  • Difficulty gripping
  • Atrophy of Thenar eminance
66
Q

What are the Prevalence and Risk of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ?

A
  • Hx repetitive wrist movements
  • Obesity
  • RA
  • Pregnancy
  • Female
67
Q

What are the possible management of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ?

A
  • Education
  • Activity modification
  • Strengthening
  • Soft tissue Mobs
  • Splinting
68
Q

What is Achilles Tendinopathy ?

A

Its a pain and dysfunction of the achilles tendon generally, due to overload / underload.

69
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Achilles Tendinopathy ?

A
  • Pain and swelling around the tendon.
  • Pain worse before + after exercise
  • Eases during the activity
  • Tender
  • Swelling
70
Q

What are the possible Management for Achilles Tendinopathy ?

A
  • Education
  • Load Management
  • Exercise (graded exposure)
  • surgery

CS THEORY (6 decks)

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