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Pathphysiology 2 > MSK pathologies Week 1 > Flashcards

MSK pathologies Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does FAI stand for?

A

Femoralacetabular impingement

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2
Q

What is FAI?

A

A pathological mechanical process by which morphological abnormalities of the acetabulum and/or femur combined with vigorous hip motion can damage the soft tissue structures within the hip itself

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of FAI?

A

Cam
Pincer
Mixed/combined

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4
Q

Where is a cam impingement located?

A

On the femoral side of the hip joint

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5
Q

What happens with a cam impingement?

A

Extra bone formation at the anterior lateral head neck junction causing a non-spherical femoral head

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6
Q

What Happens with a pincer impingement?

A

There is an abnormality on the acetabulum leading to an over coverage of the femoral head. This can lead to cartilage damage

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7
Q

Which gender has higher instances of cam morphology?

A

men

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8
Q

Which gender has higher instances of pincer morphology?

A

women

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9
Q

Name some things that can cause FAI

A

exposure to repetitive and often supraphysiologic hip rotation and hip flexion during development in children and adolescence. Repeated stress of this type may trigger adaptive remodelling and eventually development of FAI associated morphologies and symptoms
History of childhood hip disease following femoral neck fractures which may have altered the contour of the femoral head/neck
Surgical over-correction of conditions such as hip dysplasia may lead to the pincer morphology

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10
Q

What is a sprain?

A

an injury to the band of collagen tissue i.e. a ligament, which connects two or more bones to a joint

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11
Q

What is the primary function of a ligament?

A

to provide passive stabilisation of a joint

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12
Q

What is a sprain usually caused by?

A

the joint being forced suddenly outside its usual range of movement and the inelastic fibres are stretched through too great a range

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13
Q

Describe a Grade 1 sprain

A

micro-tears
localised pain
no visible bruising#
minimal swelling
minimal loss of function
no loss of muscle or ROM
no ligament laxity

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14
Q

Describe a grade 2 sprain

A

partial tear of ligament
moderate swelling
bruising
poorly localised pain
impairment and painful ROM (with deficit)
decrease in strength and pain on contraction
joint may be unstable

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15
Q

Describe a grade 3 sprain

A

complete rupture
joint instability
immediate acute pain
later on symptoms may be less than a grade 2
may require immobilisation and/or surgery

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16
Q

Name some common sites of ligament injuries

A

ACL
PCL
LCL
MCL
ATFL
CTFL
ACJ ligaments

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17
Q

What is another name for a frozen shoulder?

A

Adhesive capsulitis

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18
Q

What is a frozen shoulder characterised by?

A

initially painful and later progressively restricted active and passive glenohumeral joint range of motion with spontaneous complete or nearly-complete recovery over a varied period of time

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19
Q

What does frozen should disease process affect?

A

antero-superior joint capsule, axillary recess and the coracohumeral ligament

20
Q

What is the prevalence of a frozen shoulder?

A

70% are female
generally between the ages of 35-65
more common among the diabetic population
more likely to develop in the opposite shoulder if they have had a frozen shoulder before

21
Q

What are the 3 phases of a frozen shoulder?

A

acute/freezing/painful phase
adhesive/frozen/stiffening phase
resolution/thawing phase

22
Q

Describe the initial phase of a frozen shoulder

A

Gradual onset of shoulder pain at rest with sharp pain at extremes of motion, and pain at night with sleep interruption which may last anywhere from 2-9 months

23
Q

Describe the second phase of a frozen shoulder

A

pain starts to subside, progressive loss of glenohumeral motion in capsular pattern (abduction and internal/external rotation). Pain is apparent only at extremes of movement. This phase may occur at around 4 months and last till about 12 months

24
Q

Describe the third stage of a frozen shoulder

A

spontaneous, progressive improvement in functional range of motion which can last anywhere from 5 to 24 months

25
Q

What is the most common chronic condition of the joints?

A

Osteoarthritis

26
Q

What joints does osteoarthritis affect?

A

any joint, but it occurs most often in knees, hips, lower back and neck, small joints of the fingers and the bases of the thumb and big toe

27
Q

What does osteoarthritis affect in terms of anatomical structures?

A

articular cartilage
subchondral bone
ligaments
capsule
synovial membrane
periarticular muscles

28
Q

What are some of the risk factors for developing osteoarthritis?

A

age
female gender
obesity
anatomical factors
muscle weakness
joint injury

29
Q

What are the two types of osteoarthritis?

A

primary and secondary

30
Q

What are the signs and symptoms for osteoarthritis?

A

pain -> more on weight bearing activities such as walking
reduced ROM actively and passively
can cause slight swelling over the joint
clicking/grinding

31
Q

How do we manage osteoarthritis?

A

education
self-management
pharmacological management
referral for joint surgery

32
Q

What are meniscal tears due to?

A

an excessive force applied to a ‘normal’ meniscus or a normal force acting on a degenerative meniscus

33
Q

What is the most common mechanism of injury for a meniscal tear?

A

a twisting injury on a semi-flexed limb through a weight bearing knee

34
Q

What other injuries are meniscal tears usually associated with?

A

ligamentus injuries (typically the ACL and MCL)

35
Q

What are the two types of meniscal tears?

A

acute tears
degenerative tears

36
Q

What are acute meniscal tears?

A

They are commonly the result of a trauma or a sports injury

37
Q

Which type of meniscal tear has different shapes and what are these shapes?

A

Acute
horizontal
vertical
radial
oblique
complex

38
Q

What population do degenerative meniscal tears often occur in?

A

The elderly

39
Q

What is PFPS?

A

Patellofemoral pain syndrom

40
Q

What is patellofemoral pain syndrome?

A

an umbrella term used for pain arising from the patellofemoral joint itself, or adjacent soft tissues

41
Q

What tends to worsen patellofemoral pain syndrome?

A

squatting
sitting
climbing stairs
running
(any weight bearing activities)

42
Q

What causes patellofemoral pain syndrome?

A

It is most often a combination of several factors:
overuse and overload of the patellofemoral joint
anatomical or biomechanical abnormalities
muscular weakness
imbalance or weakness

43
Q

What are some of the risk factors of patellofemoral pain syndrome?

A

knee hyperextension
lateral tibial torsion
genu valgum or varus
increased Q angle
tightness in the iliotibial band, hamstrings or gastrocnemius

44
Q

How can we manage patellofemoral pain syndrome?

A

education
open vs closed chain exercises
quadriceps, hamstring, glutes, calf strengthening
patellar taping
orthotics
modalities
manual therapy

45
Q

What causes a Bankart lesion?

A

due to the amount of force that is associated with dislocation, the labrum can be torn from the bone creating a Bankart lesion and this can result in an unstable shoulder which may lead to further dislocation

46
Q

What is the surgery called that you would have if you had a Bankart lesion?

A

Anterior stabilisation

47
Q
A

Pathphysiology 2 (14 decks)

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