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Pathphysiology 2 > cancer > Flashcards

cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

Abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide but also when cells dont die when they’re meant to

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2
Q

What is the definition for cancer?

A

highly invasive and destructive neoplasms

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3
Q

What is oncology?

A

the study of neoplasms

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4
Q

What is a tumour?

A

a collection of cells that have lost genetic control of proliferation and differentiation

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5
Q

What does benign mean?

A

localised and closely resembling cells of origin but lost control of proliferation

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6
Q

What does malignant mean?

A

Invasive and destructive cells that do not resemble cells of origin

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7
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours are differentiated cells?

A

benign

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8
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours have cells that vary in size and shape and have large nuclei?

A

malignant

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9
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours is similar to normal cells?

A

benign

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10
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours has fairly normal mitosis?

A

benign

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11
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours has relatively slow growth?

A

benign

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12
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours is frequently encapsulated?

A

benign

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13
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours is described as expanding mass?

A

benign

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14
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours remains localised?

A

benign

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15
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours has rare systemic effects and is only life threatening in certain locations (brain)?

A

benign

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16
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours has many undifferentiated cells?

A

malignant

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17
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours has rapid growth?

A

malignant

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18
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours has cells that are not adhesive and infiltrate tissue?

A

malignant

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19
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours have no capsule?

A

malignant

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20
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours invades nearby tissue or metastasises?

A

malignant

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21
Q

Which of the 2 types of tumours often has systemic effects and is life threatening by tissue destruction and spread of tumours?

A

malignant

22
Q

What do the genes that are altered for someone with cancer control in the cell?

A

reproduction (mitosis, meiosis)
Growth
differentiation
death

23
Q

What impacts does cancer have on tissues, organs and organ systems?

A

loss of cell to cell communication which allows further unrestricted growth of tumour cells
Increased energy expenditure, which deprives unaffected cells of nutrients
Increased motility and loss of cohesion/adhesion, which promotes movement to other locations
Rapid angiogenesis, which provides extensive blood flow to the tumour cells
Substance secretion, which alters the metabolism and degrades neighbouring unaffected cells
Present foreign antigens on the cancer cell surface, which can trigger the immune response

24
Q

What are mutator genes?

A

Genes that repair mutated DNA and protect the genome

25
Q

What are protooncogenes?

A

Genes that regulate cell function

26
Q

What are tumour suppressor genes?

A

Genes that prohibit over proliferation of cells and regulate apoptosis

27
Q

Name some carcinogens

A

High energy ionizing radiation
Hormone
chemicals
Viruses and bacteria

28
Q

What is local spread?

A

proliferation of the neoplasm within the tissue of origin

29
Q

What is direct extension?

A

Process of tumour cells moving into adjacent tissues and organs

30
Q

What is seeding (spread of cancer)?

A

malignant tumours move along membranes of peritoneal and pleural cavities, gaining easy access to organs within

31
Q

What is metastases?

A

Neoplasm spread to distant sites by way of lymphatics or blood vessels

32
Q

What is organ tropism?

A

the affinity of a primary tumour to a specific distant site

33
Q

Describe grades 1 and 2 of cancer

A

well differentiated
resemble the tissue of origin in size and shape, structure and mitotic activity

34
Q

Describe grades 3 and 4?

A

highly undifferentiated
demonstrate little or no resemblance to the tissue of origin

35
Q

What does haematology-oncology refer to?

A

The combined medical practice of haematology (the study of the blood’s physiology) and oncology (the study of cancer)

36
Q

What happens in acute myeloid leukaemia?

A

the bone marrow makes too many monocytes or granulocytes. These cells aren’t fully developed and are not able to work normally

37
Q

What happens in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia?

A

The bone marrow makes too many B or T lymphocytes. These lymphocytes are not fully developed and are not able to work normally. They are often known as blast cells

38
Q

What happens in chronic myeloid leukaemia?

A

The abnormal leukaemia cells develop from early blood cells called the myeloid blood stem cells. They become myelocytes. These cells are sometimes called granulocytes

39
Q

What does lymphoma mean?

A

Cancer of the lymphatic system

40
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

It plays an important part of our immune system. It plays a role in fighting bacteria and other infections. And it destroys old or abnormal cells, such as cancer cells

41
Q

What cells does Hodgkin lymphoma contain?

A

Reed-Sternberg cells

42
Q

What does the stage of Hodgkin lymphoma tell you?

A

It tells you about the number and places in the body that are affected by the lymphoma

43
Q

Name some risk factors of Hodgkin lymphoma

A

smoking
overweight
Family history
Epstein Barr virus
previous NHL
breast implant

44
Q

Name some symptoms of leukaemia

A

General weakness
Feeling tired
High temperature
Frequent infections
Bruising or bleeding
Weight loss
Pain in bones or joints
Breathlessness
Feeling full in your tummy
pale skin
swollen lymph nodes

45
Q

Name some of the symptoms of lymphoma

A

painless swelling in lymph nodes
heavy sweating, especially at night
High temperatures that come and go with no obvious cause, often overnight
unexplained weight loss
itching
cough or shortness of breath
tummy pain or vomiting after drinking alcohol

46
Q

What are the main types of treatment for cancer?

A

Chemotherapy
Targeted cancer drugs
Radiotherapy

47
Q

Name some symptoms of prostate cancer

A

Passing urine more frequently
getting up in the night
difficulties passing urine
urgency
Leaking
Blood in urine
Raised PSA

48
Q

Name some symptoms of lung cancer

A

Persistent cough for longer than 3 weeks
A change in long-term cough
Shortness of breath
Blood in sputum
Pain in chest/shoulder
Loss of appetite
Fatigue
Loss of weight

49
Q

Name some symptoms of bowel cancer

A

Bleeding from rectum
Blood in faeces
Change in bowel habits
Pain in abdomen or rectum
Losing weight
Fatigue
Shortness of breath
Bowel obstruction

50
Q

Name some symptoms of melanoma

A

Asymmetry
Border
Colour
Diameter
Elevation

51
Q

What are the 3 possible goals of cancer treatment?

A

completely eradicate the neoplasms
control continued growth and spread
Reduce symptoms without curing the cancer

52
Q

How can we prevent cancer?

A

Screening
exercise
Balanced healthy diet
Maintain healthy weight
Vaccinations
Skin protection
Avoid tobacco
Avoid heavy alcohol consumption
Protect against exposure to industrial carcinogens

Pathphysiology 2 (14 decks)

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