MSK General Flashcards
What is Pes Cavus
- High Arch
Pes Cavus, also known as Cavus foot, is a foot deformity that causes the arch of the foot to be abnormally high and unable to flatten when weight is applied. - C is a curved letter like feet with high arches
What is Lower Crossed Syndrome
Lower crossed syndrome (LCS) is a muscular imbalance in the pelvis, lower back, and hips that can cause postural changes and pain. The name comes from the X-shape that the muscles appear to form when viewed from the side.
A patient who has lower crossed syndrome will have
- tight erector spinae and iliopsoas muscles
- weak abdominal and gluteus maximus muscles.
This results in an anterior pelvic tilt, an increased lumbar lordosis, and a slight flexion of the hip.
What is Hallux Valgus
- Bunion
Hallux valgus, also known as a bunion, is a common forefoot deformity that occurs when the first metatarsal bone misaligns in relation to the big toe. This misalignment causes the big toe to drift outward and crowd the smaller toes, and can lead to a bony bump forming on the inside edge of the big toe joint. The bump is actually the metatarsal bone itself, not new bone growth
How do you define valgus vs varus?
- A valgus deformity is a condition in which the bone segment distal to a joint is angled outward, that is, angled laterally, away from the body’s midline.
- The opposite deformation, where the twist or angulation is directed medially, toward the center of the body, is called varus.
What are the identifying characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis, or RA, is an autoimmune and inflammatory disease, which means that your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake, causing inflammation (painful swelling) in the affected parts of the body. RA mainly attacks the joints, usually many joints at once. Typically worse in the morning and gets better throughout the day.
- General weakness and fatigue that developed over the past few months, along with increased pain bilaterally in the wrists and hands. The MCP and carpal joints are tender to touch, and the MCP joints appear slightly swollen.
- More extreme cases lead to ulnar deviation of the MCP joints and swan neck deformities of the fingers as well as Boutonniere deformity of the thumb
What is ankylosing spondylitis?
- Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic type of arthritis that causes inflammation in the spine’s joints and ligaments, and can also affect other joints.
- The name comes from the words “ankylosing” which means stiff or rigid, “spondyl” which means spine, and “itis” which refers to inflammation.
What is Perthes’ Disease?
Perthes’ disease, also known as Legg-Calvé–Perthes disease, is a childhood condition that occurs when blood supply to the ball part (femoral head) of the hip joint is temporarily interrupted and the bone begins to die.
What is slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is a common hip condition that occurs when the head of the upper thigh bone, or femur, slips off the neck of the bone. This happens when the growth plate at the end of the bone weakens, causing a fracture that allows the head of the femur to move. SCFE is more common in pre-adolescents and adolescents, usually between the ages of 11 and 16, and is more common in boys than girls.
What is pes planus?
- Flat Foot
Pes planus, also known as flat feet, is a foot deformity that occurs when the foot’s medial longitudinal arch doesn’t develop normally and flattens out. - P and l are flat letters like this foot
What is Reiter Syndrome?
- Reiter’s syndrome, also known as reactive arthritis, is a type of inflammatory arthritis that occurs after an infection in another part of the body. The most common infections that can lead to reactive arthritis are sexually transmitted infections and infections of the digestive system, usually from food poisoning.
- Reiter’s syndrome, also known as reactive arthritis, is the classic triad of conjunctivitis, urethritis, and arthritis occurring after an infection, particularly those in the urogenital or gastrointestinal tract.
Whats is:
- The pars interarticularis
- Spondylolysis
- Spondylolisthesis
- The pars interarticularis is a small, thin portion of the vertebra that connects the upper and lower facet joints.
- In spondylolysis, a crack or stress fracture develops through the pars interarticularis (pars fracture). Often, patients with spondylolysis will also have some degree of spondylolisthesis.
- In spondylolisthesis, the fractured pars interarticularis separates, allowing the injured vertebra to shift or slip forward on the vertebra directly below it. In children and adolescents, this slippage most often occurs during periods of rapid growth — such as an adolescent growth spurt.
Timeline (weeks after to perform) post surgery for large RTC surgery (and maybe other bigger surgeries):
1. AROM
2. AAROM
3. PROM
4. Isotonic strengthening
- Active range of motion exercises should not be started until 6 to 8 weeks after surgery for a large rotator cuff tear.
- Supine, active-assisted range of motion exercises of the involved shoulder are appropriate 1 week post surgery. Seated, active-assisted range of motion exercises would put too much stress on the patient’s shoulder because a 5-centimeter tear is considered massive and requires a more conservative approach.
- Passive range of motion exercises are initiated immediately in rehabilitation. A 5-centimeter tear is considered a massive rotator cuff tear that requires a conservative approach to rehabilitation, but passive range of motion exercises should occur immediately. (NOT END RANGE - 8 weeks)
- Isotonic strengthening exercises should not be started until 6 to 8 weeks after surgery for a large rotator cuff tear.
Timeline (weeks after to perform) post Achilles repair (and maybe other LE surgeries)
1. Unilateral WB exercises (heel raise or WB stretches)
2. Plyometrics
3. Bilateral WB activities
- 10 weeks for unilateral WB activities
- 12 weeks for plyometrics
- 6 weeks for bilateral WB activities
What muscles attach at the Pes Anserine?
- Sartorius, Gracilis, and Semitendinosus muscles
- The pes anserinus, also known as the “goose foot”, is made up of the tendons of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles that attach to the medial side of the tibia. The tendons of these muscles merge at a common insertion point below the knee, and the structure resembles a goose’s foot because of its radiating pattern. It inserts into the proximomedial tibia and acts as a secondary valgus restraint augmenting the medial supporting structures of the knee.
What is transient synovitis?
- Transient synovitis, also known as toxic synovitis or irritable hip, is a non-specific inflammatory condition that causes pain and swelling in the hip joint lining. It’s the most common cause of hip pain and limping in children, especially boys between the ages of 4 and 10
- Transient synovitis is associated with an active antalgic gait and with pain that is aggravated by medial (internal) rotation but also by abduction, unlike the pattern found with anterior labral tears.
What is Arthrogryposis?
Arthrogryposis (arth-ro-grip-OH-sis) means a child is born with joint contractures. This means some of their joints don’t move much and may even be stuck in 1 position. Often the muscles around these joints are thin, weak, stiff or missing. Extra tissue may have formed around the joints, holding them in place.
What the difference between functional and structural scoliosis?
Structural scoliosis is when the patient’s spine actually has a physical curve. Functional scoliosis is when the spine appears to be curved, but the apparent curvature is actually the result of an irregularity elsewhere in the body (e.g. different leg lengths).
The purpose of Adam’s forward bend test is to detect structural or functional scoliosis. This test is most often used during school screening for scoliosis.
The scoliosis is functional when the characteristics of scoliosis become more/less visible while the patient bends (i.e. the presentation changes with forward flexion). With structural scoliosis, the scoliotic deformity will remain the same as in the standing position. If there is an increased kyphosis when bending forward, Scheuermann’s disease or congenital kyphosis is also possible.
Action, innervation and attachment of tibialis posterior
The tibialis posterior (TP) muscle has multiple actions, including:
- Plantarflexion: Assists in plantarflexing the foot
- Inversion: Inverts the foot
- Support: Supports the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) and rearfoot
- Stabilization: Acts as the primary dynamic stabilizer of the MLA and rearfoot during gait
The tibialis posterior muscle’s tendon inserts into the navicular bone, and it also inserts into the medial cuneiform bone.
Tibial nerve innervation
What are the 5 BMI ranges?
- Underweight: 18.5 or less
- Healthy: 18.5 - 24.9
- Overweight: 25 - 29.9
- Obese: 30 - 39.9
- Severely Obese: 40 or greater
Hamstring Anatomy:
Which muscle is most lateral?
Which muscle is most medial?
Which muscle is deep
- Most lateral is the Biceps femoris
- Most medial are both the semimembranosus and semitendinosus
- the Semimembranosus is the deepest and sits under the ST D
What is a Dupuytren’s contracture?
Dupuytren’s contracture can cause one or more fingers to stay bent toward the palm. It most often affects the two fingers farthest from the thumb. This can make everyday activities, such as placing hands in pockets or shaking hands, more difficult.
The condition begins with a firm lump in the palm of the hand. Over time, the lump can extend into a hard cord under the skin and up into the finger. This cord tightens and pulls the finger toward the palm. The condition most often affects the ring and pinky fingers.
If needed, treatments include using a needle to break the tissue that’s keeping the finger bent, enzyme injections to soften the tissue and surgery.
Describe upward rotation of the scapula and name 3 muscles that contribute
Inferior border of the scapula moving up and lateral, acromion moving up and medial.
Upper trap, lower trap, and serratus anterior
Describe downward rotation of the scapula and name 3 muscles that contribute
Inferior border of the scapula moving down and medial, acromion moving down and lateral.
Rhomboids, levator scapula, and pec minor
What is a Colles Fracture?
A Colles fracture is a break in the radius bone in the wrist, near the end that’s closest to the fingers. It’s also called a distal radius fracture.
What is Tenosynovitis?
Tenosynovitis is a common condition that occurs when the fluid-filled sheath around a tendon becomes inflamed. This inflammation can be caused by a number of factors, including infectious, inflammatory, or idiopathic processes. It can affect any tendon in the body, but it’s most common in the hand, wrist, and foot.
