MSK anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two ends of the clavicle?
A
Acromial end and sternal end.
2
Q
What are the three parts of the sternum?
A
Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
3
Q
What landmark of the sternum articulates with the clavicle?
A
Jugular notch on the manubrium.
4
Q
What process on the scapula forms the acromioclavicular joint?
A
Acromion.
5
Q
What is the anterior projection of the scapula that anchors the biceps?
A
Coracoid process.
6
Q
What are the five major regions of the vertebral column?
A
Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacrum, Coccyx.
7
Q
What structure on the C2 vertebra allows rotation of the head?
A
Dens.
8
Q
Which cervical vertebra is known as the atlas?
A
C1.
9
Q
What is the function of the intervertebral foramina?
A
Allow passage of spinal nerves.
10
Q
What is the most frequently fractured part of the humerus?
A
Surgical neck.
11
Q
What bone feature on the humerus serves as a site for deltoid attachment?
A
Deltoid tuberosity.
12
Q
What notch on the ulna articulates with the humerus?
A
Trochlear notch.
13
Q
What part of the radius anchors the biceps brachii?
A
Radial tuberosity.
14
Q
Name the eight carpal bones in order from lateral to medial in the proximal row.
A
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform.
15
Q
Which digit is the pollex and how many phalanges does it have?
A
Thumb (Digit I), it has two phalanges.
16
Q
What three bones fuse to form the hip bone?
A
Ilium, ischium, and pubis.
17
Q
What is the deep socket that receives the head of the femur?
A
Acetabulum.
18
Q
What is the large opening formed by the pubic rami and ischium?
A
Obturator foramen.
19
Q
What bone is the largest and strongest in the body?
A
Femur.
20
Q
What is the bump on the femur where the gluteus maximus inserts?
A
Gluteal tuberosity.
21
Q
What two bones make up the leg?
A
Tibia and fibula.
22
Q
Which tarsal bones bear the body’s weight?
A
Talus and calcaneus.
23
Q
What are the three anatomical landmarks of the sternum?
A
Jugular notch, sternal angle, and xiphisternal joint.
24
Q
What part of the rib articulates with the vertebral body?
A
The head of the rib.
25
What part of the rib articulates with the transverse costal facet?
The tubercle of the rib.
26
What forms the vertebral arch?
Pedicles and laminae.
27
What passes through the vertebral foramen?
The spinal cord.
28
What makes C7 a unique cervical vertebra?
It has a large spinous process and is known as vertebra prominens.
29
What movement does the atlas (C1) allow?
Nodding 'yes' movement.
30
What movement does the axis (C2) and dens allow?
Side-to-side 'no' head rotation.
31
What are features of thoracic vertebrae?
Heart-shaped body, circular vertebral foramen, long spinous processes, articulation with ribs.
32
What prevents lumbar vertebrae from rotating?
The orientation of their articular facets.
33
What forms the sacroiliac joints?
The auricular surfaces of the sacrum and the ilium.
34
What is the large opening at the end of the sacral canal?
The sacral hiatus.
35
What is the function of the coccyx?
It has minimal function but serves as an attachment site for ligaments and muscles.
36
What structure on the ilium marks the sciatic nerve passage?
Greater sciatic notch.
37
What feature distinguishes male and female pelves?
The pubic arch (subpubic angle).
38
What does the pubis join to form the pubic symphysis?
The left and right pubic bones.
39
What is the function of the patella?
It protects the knee joint and improves leverage of the thigh muscles.
40
What structure on the femur articulates with the patella?
The patellar surface.
41
What is the medial bump on the ankle formed by?
The medial malleolus of the tibia.
42
What is the lateral bump on the ankle formed by?
The lateral malleolus of the fibula.
43
Which bones make up the tarsus?
Talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, and medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms.
44
What is the function of the arches of the foot?
To bear weight and allow foot flexibility and shock absorption.
45
What muscle attaches to the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus?
Deltoid muscle.
46
What muscle attaches to the coracoid process of the scapula?
Short head of the biceps brachii and the coracobrachialis.
47
What attaches to the ischial tuberosity?
Hamstring muscles (biceps femoris long head, semitendinosus, semimembranosus).
48
What muscles attach to the greater trochanter of the femur?
Gluteus medius and minimus, and several lateral rotators.
49
What muscle group inserts on the tibial tuberosity?
Quadriceps femoris group via the patellar ligament.
50
What attaches to the radial tuberosity?
Biceps brachii.
51
What muscle originates from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)?
Sartorius muscle.
52
What muscle inserts on the gluteal tuberosity of the femur?
Gluteus maximus.
53
What nerve innervates the deltoid muscle?
Axillary nerve.
54
What nerve innervates most of the anterior thigh muscles?
Femoral nerve.
55
What nerve innervates the hamstring muscles?
Tibial branch of the sciatic nerve.
56
What nerve innervates most intrinsic muscles of the hand?
Ulnar nerve.
57
What nerve is compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome?
Median nerve.
58
What nerve causes wrist drop when damaged?
Radial nerve.
59
What are the 3 different types of joints?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.
60
What joint types are immovable, semi-moveable, and freely moveable?
Fibrous: immovable, Cartilaginous: semi-moveable, Synovial: freely moveable.
61
What are the joints also called?
Articulations.
62
What are the different types of fibrous joints?
Sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses.
63
What is a suture joint?
The joint is held together with very short, interconnecting fibers and bone edges interlock. Found only in the skull.
64
What is a syndesmosis joint?
Joint held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures.
65
What are some examples of syndesmosis joints?
The tibia and fibula are examples.
66
What is a gomphosis joint?
“Peg in socket” fibrous joint. The periodontal ligament holds the tooth in socket.
67
What are the cartilaginous joints?
Synchondroses and Symphyses.
68
What are the synchondrose joints?
Bones united by hyaline cartilage. Epiphyseal plate (temporary hyaline cartilage joint, when it is not closed). Sternum (manubrium). Joint between first rib and sternum (immovable).
69
What are the symphyses joints?
Bone united by fibrocartilage. Body of the vertebrae. Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc (sandwiched between hyaline cartilage). Pubic symphysis.
70
What are the general features of the synovial joints?
Articular (hyaline) cartilage, Joint (synovial) cavity with synovial fluid, Articular (joint) capsule, External fibrous layer, Inner synovial membrane.
71
What are the functions of the articular cartilage?
Prevents the ends of the bone from sticking together and hitting each other.
72
What are the functions of the synovial cavity?
The joint cavity should be sterile. Hyaluronic acid provides nourishment, makes the joint slippery, and lubricates. It also contains some phagocytes.
73
What are the different types of reinforcing ligaments?
Capsular, Extracapsular, and Intracapsular. They also have nerves and blood vessels.
74
What are the capsular ligaments?
The thickened part of the fibrous layer.
75
What are the extracapsular ligaments?
Ligaments located outside the capsule.
76
What are the intracapsular ligaments?
Ligaments that are deep to the capsule and covered by synovial membrane.
77
Describe the bursa and tendon sheaths of the synovial joints.
The bursa is a fluid-filled sac that cushions ligaments and bones, and tendon sheaths are elongated bursa that wrap around tendons to reduce tension.
78
What two additional structures may some synovial joints have?
Fatty pads, which cushion, and articular discs (menisci), which are fibrocartilage that improve the fit of a joint and help stabilize it.
79
What are the 6 different types of synovial joints?
Plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket.
80
What are valgus vs varus knee alignments?
Different types of stress.
81
What is a gliding movement?
Sliding the flat surface of two bones across each other.
82
What are the different types of angular movements?
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction.
83
What is flexion?
Decreasing the angle between two bones, usually in the sagittal plane.
84
What is extension?
Increasing the angle between two bones, usually in the sagittal plane.
85
What is abduction?
Moving a limb away from the body midline in the frontal plane.
86
What is adduction?
Moving a limb toward the body midline in the frontal plane.
87
What is circumduction?
Moving a limb or finger so that it describes a cone in space.
88
What is rotation?
Turning a bone around its longitudinal axis.
89
What is medial rotation?
Rotating toward the median plane.
90
What is lateral rotation?
Rotating away from the median plane.
91
What are plane joints?
They allow for flat gliding movements along a surface, especially in carpals.
92
What are hinge joints?
They are primarily found in the elbow.
93
What are pivot joints?
Located at the radius and ulna, allowing for supination and pronation.
94
What are condylar joints?
They allow for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, occurring in some phalanges.
95
What are saddle joints?
Found in the hands.
96
What are ball and socket joints?
They allow for flexion and extension, requiring isolation of the joint to assess movement, such as in the shoulder and hip.
97
What is the importance of the origins and insertion of muscles?
All muscles attach to bone or connective tissue at no fewer than 2 points.
98
What is the origin of muscles?
Attachment to immovable bones.
99
What is the insertion of muscles?
Attachment to movable bones.
100
What is the movement of a tendon?
A tendon moves the bone or structure and is attached to the muscle.
101
What is the movement of a ligament?
A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone, usually holding structures together and keeping them stable.
102
How many points do all muscles attach to a bone or connective tissue?
No fewer than two points.
103
Define origin
Attachment to immovable bone
104
Define insertion
Attachment to movable bone
105
Define tendon
Moves the bone or structure it is attached to the muscle
106
Define ligament
A fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone usually holding structures together and keeping them stable
107
What's the difference between a tendon and ligament?
Tendons attach muscles to bones, while ligaments attach bones to other bones.
108
A muscle crosses on the anterior side of the joint produces what motion?
Flexion
109
A muscle that crosses on the posterior side of a joint produces what motion?
Extension
110
A muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint produces what motion?
Abduction
111
A muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint produces what motion?
Adduction
112
What are the movements of the thumb?
Opposition, flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
113
What are the muscles of the hand?
Thenar eminence (ball of thumb) and Hypothenar eminence (ball of the little finger). Each group has flexor, abductor, and opponens muscles. Midpalmar muscles: lumbricals and interossei extend fingers. Interossei muscles also abduct and adduct fingers.
114
What are the circular muscle structures and what is an example?
Fascicles arranged in a concentric circle; an example is the orbicularis oris muscle.
115
What are the convergent muscle structures and what is an example?
Broad origin, fascicles converge toward a single tendon insertion; an example is the pectoralis major.
116
What are the fusiform muscle structures and what is an example?
Spindle-shaped muscle with parallel fibers; an example is the biceps brachii.
117
What are the parallel muscle structures and what is an example?
Fascicles parallel to the long axis of strap-like muscle; an example is the Sartorius muscle.
118
Are the pennate muscle structures and what is an example?
Short fascicles attach obliquely to a central tendon running the length of the muscle; an example is the rectus femoris. There are three forms of pennate muscles: unipennate, bipennate, and multipennate.
119
Define unipennate
Fascicles attach only to one side of the tendon; an example is the extensor digitorum longus.
120
Define bipennate
Fascicles attach from opposite sides of the tendon; an example is the rectus femoris.
121
Define multipennate
Appears as feathers inserting into one tendon; an example is the deltoid muscle.
122
What are the compartments of the leg?
Important because of compartment syndrome and may lead to a fasciotomy.
123
What is the most freely moving joint in the whole body?
The shoulder, but because of this, it is also incredibly unstable.
124
The shoulder fits in what cavity of the scapula?
The glenoid cavity.
125
Describe the shoulder joint.
Ball-and-socket joint, acromioclavicular (AC) joint, sternoclavicular (SC) joint, articular capsule enclosing cavity (thin to allow for free mobile movement).
126
What are the reinforcing ligaments of the shoulder in the glenohumeral joint?
Coracoacromial ligament
coracoclavicular ligament (conoid and trapezoid parts), acromioclavicular ligament (primarily on anterior aspect), glenohumeral ligaments (superior, middle, inferior), coracohumeral ligament
transverse humeral ligament.
127
What structures prevent dislocations of the shoulder?
The coracoid process and the acromion, but dislocations still happen often.
128
What is the importance of the Glenoid labrum?
Fibrous cartilage that sits in the cavity and acts as a cushion and reinforces some stability, but is still very shallow.
129
Describe the elbow joint.
The trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with the capitulum and trochlea of the humerus. The anular ligament surrounds the head of the radius and holds it to the ulna to allow for some rotation and two collateral ligaments for strict side-to-side movement.
130
What are the names of the two collateral ligaments that restrict side-to-side movement?
The ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) and the radial collateral ligament (RCL). The UCL sits medially and connects the humerus to the ulna. The RCL is lateral.
131
If we stress the UCL, what type of stress is that?
Valgus stress.
132
If we stress the RCL, what type of stress is that?
Varus stress.
133
Describe the hip joint.
Ball-and-socket joint, femur articulates with acetabulum, acetabular labrum, greater and lesser trochanter, flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, circumduction.
134
What is the acetabular labrum?
Rim of fibrocartilage that enhances the depth of the socket (hip dislocations are rare). Is a cup on top of the ligament to cushion the bones.
135
What are the reinforcing ligaments of the hip joint?
1. Iliofemoral ligament (intracapsular and is anterior to help limit hyperextension)
2. pubofemoral ligament (closer to lesser trochanter and limits excessive abduction and some extension),
3. ischiofemoral ligament (limits internal rotation of the hip)
4. ligament of head of femur (ligamentum teres)
5. transverse acetabular ligament (bottom part of the acetabular ligament that enhances joint stability).
136
Are there any ligaments that inhibit flexion in the hip joint?
No, ligaments really limit abduction and extension.
137
What forms the knee joint?
The femur and the tibial plateau.
138
What is the importance of the menisci?
Help provide stability. Fibrocartilage sometimes has a hard time compensating for stress, especially when weight is gained.
139
What ligament carries the artery of the femoral head?
Ligament of head of femur (ligamentum teres), which is very important for surgeries and dislocations.
140
What holds the patella in place?
Quadriceps tendon (superiorly).
141
What are the three types of joints that make up the knee joint and are surrounded by a single cavity?
Femoropatellar joint, lateral joint, medial joint.
142
What type of joint is the Femoropatellar joint?
Plane joint. Allows gliding motion during knee flexion.
143
What are the lateral and medial joints collectively called?
Tibiofemoral joint. Joint between femoral condyles and lateral and medial menisci of tibia.
144
What type of joint is the tibiofemoral joint?
Hinge joint. Allows flexion, extension, and some rotation when knee partly flexed.
145
What is notable about the knee joint capsule?
The joint capsule is thin and absent anteriorly.
146
How many bursae are associated with the knee joint?
At least 12 bursae.
147
What tendon gives rise to the ligaments from the patella to the tibia?
Quadriceps tendon. Gives rise to three broad ligaments that run from patella to tibia.
148
What are the ligaments that flank the patellar ligament?
Medial and lateral patellar retinacula.
149
What ligament is used as a knee jerk reflex?
Patellar ligament
150
What provides cushion and support in the knee joint?
Bursa and the fat pad
151
What are the ligaments of the intracapsular knee joint?
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) attaches to the anterior tibia; Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) attaches to the posterior tibia and prevents backsliding.
152
What tests help us determine ACL injuries?
The anterior draw test, which assesses elasticity by pulling the knee up behind the calf.
153
What are the ligaments of the extracapsular knee joint?
Medial/tibial collateral ligament (MCL); Lateral/fibular collateral ligament (LCL); Patellar ligament (tendon); Quadriceps tendon; Iliotibial (IT) band.
154
What movement do the MCL and LCL limit?
Rotation
155
What type of stress does the medial collateral ligament resist?
Varus
156
What type of stress does the lateral collateral ligament resist?
Valgus
157
What is the test called to test for MCL/LCL injuries?
Varus/Valgus stress tests
158
The fibrillar collateral ligament sits just behind what structure?
Behind the IT band
159
Why is the IT band important?
It is technically a fascia, not a true ligament, and helps to stabilize the knee.
160
What structures attach bone to bone?
Ligament
161
What structure attaches muscle to bone?
Tendon
162
In what ways does age take a toll on the joints?
Ligaments and tendons shorten and weaken; Intervertebral discs more likely to herniate; Most people in their 70s have some degree of OA; Full-range-of-motion exercise is key to postponing joint problems.
163
What does osteoarthritis look like?
164
Describe the structures and function of the ankle joint
Also called the talocrural joint
Plantarflexion and dorsiflexion
Distal tibia and fibula, and the talus.
Mortise
165
What is important about the mortise of the ankle?
the joint space formed by the structures above. Changes in the mortise occurs in fractures and otherwise provides stability. It also helps form our medial and lateral ankle
166
167
168
169
170
Does the tibia or fibula bear most of the weight?
The tibia
171
What is the heel joint?
Calcaneus
172
What joint forms our mid buds?
The navicular joint. The keystone of the medial portion of the foot
173
What are the medial ligaments of the ankle?
Anterior tibiotalar ligament (comes more laterally)
Tibiocalcaneal ligament
Posterior tibiotalar ligament
Tibionavicular ligament
These four ligaments together form the strong deltoid ligament and limit eversion.
174
What are the lateral ligaments of the ankle?
Anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)
Calcaneofibular ligament (CFL)
Posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL)
175
What is the most commonly injured ligament?
The ATFL
176
What lateral ligament of the ankle is the maintaining strengthening mechanism?
PTFL
177
What is the function of the buccinator muscle?
Compresses the cheek (whistling and sucking).
178
What is the action of the temporalis muscle?
Elevates and retracts the mandible.
179
Where does the masseter insert?
Angle and ramus of the mandible.
180
What muscle flexes and laterally rotates the head?
Sternocleidomastoid.
181
What is the origin of the trapezius muscle?
Occipital bone and spinous processes of C7–T12.
182
What group includes the sternohyoid and omohyoid?
Infrahyoid muscles.
183
What is the function of the supraspinatus?
Initiates abduction of the arm and stabilizes shoulder.
184
What muscles make up the rotator cuff?
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis.
185
Where does the deltoid insert?
Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus.
186
What is the function of the biceps brachii?
Flexes elbow and supinates forearm.
187
What is the function of the flexor carpi radialis?
Flexes and abducts the wrist.
188
What nerve innervates the flexor digitorum profundus?
Median and ulnar nerves.
189
Which muscle allows opposition of the thumb?
Opponens pollicis.
190
Where do the lumbricals insert?
Extensor expansions of digits 2–5.
191
What is the main function of the rectus abdominis?
Flexes and rotates the vertebral column.
192
Which muscle has fibers running horizontally and compresses abdominal contents?
Transversus abdominis.
193
Where does the sartorius originate and insert?
Origin: ASIS; Insertion: medial surface of tibia.
194
What is the function of the gluteus medius?
Abducts and medially rotates thigh.
195
What group of muscles extend the thigh and flex the knee?
Hamstrings: biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus.
196
What is the function of the tibialis anterior?
Dorsiflexes and inverts the foot.
197
What muscle inserts on the calcaneus via the Achilles tendon?
Gastrocnemius.
198
Which muscle is a plantar flexor and deep to the gastrocnemius?
Soleus.
199
What is the function of the sternocleidomastoid?
Flexes and laterally rotates the cervical spine.
200
What is the function of the scalene muscles?
Elevate the first and second ribs and aid in neck flexion.
201
What is the role of the diaphragm in respiration?
It contracts to increase thoracic volume for inspiration.
202
Which muscles assist in forced expiration?
Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles.
203
What is the origin of the pectoralis major?
Clavicle, sternum, and cartilage of ribs 1–6.
204
What is the function of the serratus anterior?
Protracts and holds scapula against thoracic wall.
205
What is the function of the external intercostals?
Elevate ribs during inspiration.
206
What is the function of the erector spinae muscle group?
Extends and laterally flexes the vertebral column.
207
Which muscles form the erector spinae group?
Iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis.
208
What is the function of the iliopsoas?
Prime mover of hip flexion.
209
What is the function of the tensor fasciae latae?
Steadies trunk and flexes and abducts the thigh.
210
What are the actions of the gluteus maximus?
Extends, abducts, and laterally rotates the thigh.
211
What is the function of the adductor longus?
Adducts, flexes, and medially rotates the thigh.
212
What is the function of the gracilis muscle?
Adducts thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg.
213
What is the action of the fibularis longus?
Plantar flexes and everts foot.
214
Which muscle inverts the foot and supports the medial arch?
Tibialis posterior.
215
What is the action of the extensor digitorum longus?
Extends toes and dorsiflexes foot.
216
What muscles make up the triceps surae?
Gastrocnemius and soleus.
