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Therapy Ed > MSK > Flashcards

MSK Flashcards

1
Q

What is a class 1 lever

A

the two forces are on either side of the fulcrum

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2
Q

what is the effort force

A

the one that is trying to cause the movement - typically the muscle

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3
Q

What is the resistance force

A

the opposing movement - dumbbell, gravity

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4
Q

Example of a Class one lever and explain

A

triceps contraction - elbow is the fulcrum, effort force is the tricep and weight is the resistance

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5
Q

What is a class 2 lever

A

two forces are on one side but the resistance is in between the effort force and fulcrum

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6
Q

What is an example of a class 2 lever and explain

A

calf raise - fulcrum is at the metacarpal heads, resistance is gravity going down and the effort force is the calf pushing up

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7
Q

what is the most common lever in the body

A

class 3

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8
Q

What is a class three lever

A

the effort force is in between the fulcrum and resistance

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9
Q

What is an example of a class 3 lever and explain

A

elbow flexion - effort is at the biceps insertion , fulcrum is the elbow and resistance is the forearm/weight

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10
Q

Describe convex on concave movement

A

the convex surface will move opposite the direction of the shaft of the lever

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11
Q

Describe concave on convex movement

A

the concave surface moves in the same direction as the shaft of the lever

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12
Q

Describe convex- concave rule in the spine

A

At the atlanto occipital joint it is convex on concave. Below this it is concave on convex

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of normal end feels of a joint

A

Soft: soft tissue approximation
Firm: capsular or ligament stretch
Hard: bone or cartilage meet

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14
Q

What are the 5 types of pathological end feel of a joint

A 
Boggy: edema or joint swelling
Firm with decreased elasticity: fibrotic
Rubbery: muscle spasm
Empty: loose, then hard - pain guarding
Hyper mobility: end feel later than opposing side
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15
Q

The head of the humerus is retroverted ___ degrees

A

20-30*

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16
Q

the scapula sits over ribs…

A

2-7

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17
Q

Glenoid fossa faces ____, ____ and ______

A

anterior, lateral and superior

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18
Q

scapular plane is at ___degrees

A

30

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19
Q

Sternoclavicular joint arthrokinematics

A

clavicle is convex superior to inferior and concave anterior to posterior

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20
Q

Shoulder joint capsule is supported by

A

RTC tendons and triceps LH tendon.

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21
Q

Which part of the shoulder joint capsule is most unstable

A

inferior

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22
Q

The coracohumeral ligament prevents

A

inferior dislocation

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23
Q

The coracohumeral ligament is taut in

A

ER

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24
Q

During elevation of the humerus it begins to ER at what degree of elevation

A

75

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25
Q

Scapulohumeral rhythm ratio and pure GH motion

A

2:1, GH motion only for the first 30-60 degrees

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26
Q

Radioulnar joint proximal, concave and convex

A

Radius is convex, ulna is concave

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27
Q

Radioulnar joint distal, concave and convex

A

Radius is concave and ulna is convex

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28
Q

Ulna to carpals concave/convex

A

ulna is convex and triquetrium is concave

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29
Q

Radius to proximal carpals concave/convex

A

Radius is concave and the scaphoid/lunate is convex

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30
Q

metacarpal heads are convex or concave

A

convex

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31
Q

First CMC joint connects to which carpal

A

trapezium

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32
Q

first metacarpal base convex/concave

A

it is convex medial/lateral and concave AP

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33
Q

median nerve innervates what part of the hand

A

supplies palmar side of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and lateral half of the 4th digit as well as the dorsal side PIP to tips of 2nd, 3rd and half of 4th again as well

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34
Q

ulnar nerve innervates

A

palmar and dorsal side hypothenar eminence, 5th digit and medial half of the fourth digit

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35
Q

radial nerve innervates what part of hand

A

dorsal side of first, 2nd, 3rd and medial half of 4th finger and back side of hand not innervated by ulnar nerve

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36
Q

First CMC arthrokinematics for FLEX/EXT and ABD/ADD

A

Convex on concave for ABD/ADD

Concave on convex for FLEX/EXT

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37
Q

arthokinematics of wrist motions

A

scaphoid lunate dorsal glide during flexion, ventral glide with extension. Radial glide with ulnar deviation and ulnar glide with radial deviation.

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38
Q

Normal angle of inclination for the femoral neck

A

115-125

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39
Q

Coxa valga is

A

greater than 125

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40
Q

Coxa vara is

A

lower than 115

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41
Q

the normal angle for femoral neck in frontal plane

A

antetorsion of 10-15 degrees

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42
Q

anteversion pathological angle is

A

greater than 25

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43
Q

retroversion angle

A

less than 10

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44
Q

someone with excessive anteverison will

A

in toe

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45
Q

someone with excessive retroversion will

A

out toe

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46
Q

hip labrum is thickest at what part

A

superior

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47
Q

The Iliofemoral ligament or Y ligament origin

A

both from the AIIS

48
Q

The iliofemoral ligament is taut with

A

EXT and ER for both
the superior part is taut with ADD
the inferior part is taut with ABD

49
Q

The pubofemoral ligament origin

A

iliopectineal eminence, superior rami of pubis

50
Q

Pubofemoral ligament is taut with

A

EXT, ER and ADD

51
Q

Ischiofemoral ligament origin

A

Ischium to posterior acetabulum and greater troch

52
Q

ischiofemoral ligament is taut with

A

EXT, IR, and ABD

53
Q

what is the zone orbicularis

A

ligament that surrounds the femoral neck to help support it in the acetabulum

54
Q

inguinal ligament origin/insert

A

ASIS to pubic tubercle

55
Q

which femoral condyle has a longer SA

A

lateral

56
Q

which femoral condyle descends more inferiorly

A

medial

57
Q

which tibial condyle is more is more stable

A

medial

58
Q

MCL limits

A

knee ER

59
Q

ACL origin and insertion

A

anterior intercondylar fossa to the medial side of the lateral femoral condyle

60
Q

The ACL limits

A

tibial forward translation and IR of the tibia during flexion

61
Q

PCL origin and insertion

A

posterior intercondylar fossa to the lateral side of the medial epicondyle

62
Q

Transverse ligament of the knee connects

A

the two menisci

63
Q

Meniscopatellar ligament does what

A

pulls the menisci forward during extension

64
Q

what does the alar fold do in the knee

A

keeps the patella in contact with the femur

65
Q

differences between MM and LM, size shape and amount of movement

A

MM is large and C shaped
LM is smaller and circular
MM can move 6mm and the LM can move 12mm

66
Q

MM has attachments with

A

semimembranosus, MCL and capsule

67
Q

LM has attachments with

A

popliteus

68
Q

The menisci follow the tibia during

A

flexion and extension

69
Q

the menisci follow the femur during

A

IR, and ER

70
Q

During the flexion the femoral condyles roll

A

posterior and glide anterior

71
Q

During extension the femoral condyles roll

A

anterior and glide posterior

72
Q

There is pure rolling of the femoral condyles during gait for the first ___ degrees of knee flexion

A

10-15

73
Q

During gait the tibia will begin to __ at __ of knee flexion

A

IR, 20

74
Q

screwhome mechanism is during the last __ degrees of EXT

A

5

75
Q

reasons for the screw home mechanism

A

The lateral femoral condyles move more freely causing more tibial rotation in the posterior direction
rolling occurs more on lateral condyle
MCL attachment to the MM causes tautness in EXT and stops gliding with continued glide of the LM gliding forward creating IR femur/ER of tibia
Twisted cruciate ligaments prevent IR
Lateral angle of pull of the quads

76
Q

Fibular head movement during angle motions

A

move superior and posterior, with ER of shaft during DF and inferior and anterior with IR of shaft during PF

77
Q

What are the three articulation of the talocrural joint

A

Tibiofibular, tibiotalar and fibulotalar

78
Q

The subtler joint 2 articulations

A

anterior talocalcaneal and posterior talocalcaneal

79
Q

key tarsal bone to the lateral arch of the foot

A

cuboid

80
Q

Plantar fascia windlass effect

A

dorsiflexion of the MTP joints causes tightening which causes supination of the calcaneus and inversion of the subtler joint creating a rigid lever for push off during gait

81
Q

conjuct rotations of the talus during DF to PF

A

the talus rotates medially 30 degrees

82
Q

arthrokinematics of the Talus during open chain PF and DF

A

talus glides anteriorly on the mortise during PF.

talus glides posterior on the mortise during DF

83
Q

Arthrokinematics of the tibia during closed chain PF and DF

A

tibia glides posterior on the talus during PF

tibia glides anterior on the talus during DF

84
Q

Subtalar joint oblique axis is __ degrees from horizontal and __ degrees from midline

A

42 and 16

85
Q

with a high inclination of axis, movement at subtalar joint is _______ in the transverse plane and _____in the frontal plane

A

increased, decreased

86
Q

with a low inclination of axis, movement at the subtler joint is ____ in the frontal plane and ____ in the transverse plane

A

increase, decrease

87
Q

uncinate joints

A

are found at C3-C7 and limit lateral flexion

88
Q

Rule of 3s

A

T1-T3:spinous processes are even with transverse process of same level
T4-T6: spinous process one half level below their transverse process
T7-T9: spinous process is one full level below their transverse process
T10: full level
T11: half level
T12:even

89
Q

the annulus fibrosis is made of

A

concentric layers composed of collagen type II fibers and fibrocartilage and is 65% water

90
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus made of

A

minimum colalgen Type I, mostly water 70-90% and proteoglycans

91
Q

Which part of the spinal cord is avascular and aneural

A

the nucleus pulposis

92
Q

the nucleus pulposis makes up ____% of the height of the spine

A

20-33%

93
Q

what is the purpose of the vertebral endplate

A

provides passive diffusion of nutrients

94
Q

where does the spinal cord terminate

A

L1-L2

95
Q

Muscles that contribute to inspiration

A

diaphragm, levator costarum, external intercostals, anterior internal intercostals

96
Q

muscles that contribute to forced expiration

A

internal obliques, transverse abdominaux, external obliques, posterior internal intercostals, rectus abdominus

97
Q

muscles that contribute to spine extension

A

erector spinae, transversospinalis, interspinales, rotatores intertransverarii

98
Q

muscles that contribute to spine flexion

A

rectus abdominus, external oblique, internal obliques, psoas minor

99
Q

muscles that contribute to spine lateral flexion

A

QL

100
Q

muscles that contribute to spine rotation

A

rotators, internal/external oblique, intertransversarii, transversospinalis

101
Q

diaphragm innervation

A

C3-C5 phrenic

102
Q

temporomandibular joint range of opening

A

40 mm

103
Q

TMJ amount of rotation

A

25mm

104
Q

TMJ amount of translatory glide

A

15mm

105
Q

typical symptoms of vascular claudication

A

pain is consistent no matter the position
pain is brought on by physical activity and relieved within 5 minutes of rest
pain described as numbness
decreased/absent pulses

106
Q

effects of forward head posture on the mandible

A

elevated and retruded

107
Q

effects of forward head posture on TMJ

A

posterior close packed position

108
Q

effects of forward head posture on hyoid

A

elevated

109
Q

effects of forward head posture on cervical spine

A

upper cervical is extended, middle and lower loose lordosis

110
Q

effects of forward head posture on first and second ribs

A

elevated

111
Q

MRI T1 ___is white in color and is used to asses ____

A

fat, bony anatomy

112
Q

MRI T2 ____ is white in color and is used to assess ____

A

water, soft tissue

113
Q

how does a bone scan work

A

chemical laced with radioactive tracer is injected and settles in areas with high metabolic activity of bone

114
Q

myelography is used to assess however is not as good an option compared to _____

A

discs and stenosis; MRI/CT

115
Q

muscle grading

A

5/5: lift or hold against gravity with max resistance
4 grades: “good”lift or hold against gravity with mod to min resistance
3 grades: “fair” lift or hold against gravity - no resistance.3- some assistance may be required to complete the motion
2 grades: “poor” gravity eliminated with 2- needing assistance
1/5: trace, can be seen or felt but no movement
0/5: no contraction seen or felt

116
Q

Activities that create anterior torsion

A

squatting, lifting, lowering, pregnancy, hip at 90 with axial loading, golfing/batting/tennis

Therapy Ed (7 decks)

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