Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Paediatrics > MSK > Flashcards

MSK Flashcards

1
Q

Define Slipped upper femoral epiphysis - SUFE

A

The head of the proximal femur epiphysis is displaced (“slips”) along the growth plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

SUFE imaging Ix

A

Bilateral X-ray:Anteropost and ‘frog leg’ lateral position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Septic arthritis gold standard Ix

A

Aspiration of the joint: Gram staining, cell count, glucose level, crystal analysis cultures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Osteomyelitis Risk Factors

A
  • Trauma from injury
  • bones growing more blood supply easier for bacteria to travel into the bone
  • Open bone fracture
  • Orthopaedic surgery
  • Immunocompromised
  • Sickle cell anaemia
  • HIV
  • Tuberculosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Osteomyelitis Sx

A
  • Fever
  • Tiredness
  • Erythema
  • Oedema
  • Fussiness / irritability
  • Lethargy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Vit D deficiency Loading dose in Age 1–5 months

A

3000 IU daily for 8–12 weeks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Current guidance on vitamin d supplements in children under 5

A
  • 0-1 year Vit. D RDI:
    8.5-10mcg
  • 1-4 years RDI Vit D RDI: 10 mcg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When is vit D supplement not indicated for children

A
  • > 500ml of infant formula a day

Fortified with vit D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Vit D deficieny risk factors

A
  • Low / no exposure to the sun
  • Dark skin tone
  • Exclusively breastfed babies
  • GI / malabsorption disorders: Coeliac, lactose intolerance, Cystic fibrosis
  • Insufficient maternal vit D
  • Premature baby
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define Osgood-Schlatter Disease

A

An inflammation at the tibial tuberosity where the patella ligament inserts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Oliogoarticular JIA

A
  • affecting 1-4 joints in the first 6/12
  • commonly affects the knee and ankle
  • assoc with other inflammation (uveitis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

late stages of arthiriris

A

joint spaces narrowed and spaces fuse together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

RED FLAGS in children

A

Fever: Septic arthritis,
WL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Osgood-Schlatter Disease presentation

A
  • Ant. knee pain
  • Pain is exacerbated by physical activity; running, jumping, and on extension of the knee
  • Visible or palpable hard and tender lump at the tibial tuberosity
  • Usually unilateral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

OSD pathophysiology

A

There are multiple small avulsion fractures, where the patella ligament pulls away tiny pieces of the bone. This leads to growth of the tibial tuberosity, causing a visible lump below the knee. Initially this bump is tender due to the inflammation, but has the bone heals and the inflammation settles it becomes hard and non-tender.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

OSD Risk factors

A
  • Male > Female
    Growth spurt age:
  • Boys 12-15 years
  • Grils 8-12 years
  • Active in sports which include running, jumping, and repetitive bending of the knee are at greater risk of developing the condition.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

OSD complications

A
  • Full avulsion fracture
  • Ossicles (bony fragments) formation in the knee - may impinge on the patellar tendon, causing pain and limiting activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

OSD Sx

A
  • Gradual onset of pain
  • Swelling below the knee
  • Pain relived on resting
  • Pain exacerbate by activities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

OSD Dx

A
  • Tenderness over the tibial tuberosity that is provoked by knee extension against resistance
  • Firm or bony enlargement of the tibial tuberosity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

OSD Mx

A
  • Rest
  • Ice
  • Analgesia / NSAIDs
  • Physios
  • Avoid aggrevating activities
  • Refer Paeds ortho for persistent Sx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

SUFE X-ray findings

A
  • Widening of epiphyseal line or displacement of the femoral head
  • Klein’s line does not intersect the femoral head
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

SUFE Acute presentation

A
  • < 3/52 of Sx onset
  • Painful limp
  • External rotation of the hip joint
  • length discrepency
  • unable to weight bear
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

SUFE examination findings

A
  • External rotation of the hip
  • Leg length discrepency
  • Limited ROM on internal rotation and abduction of the hip
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

SUFE Risk Factors

A
  • Obesity
  • Endocrine disorders
  • Puberty: Girls 11-12 years
    Boys 12-13 years
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

SUFE Mx

A
  • Refer to paeds ortho stat
  • Avoid excessive movements / weight bear on the affected hip
  • Analgesia
  • Surgically: In situ single-screw fixation of the epiphysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

SUFE complications

A

Avascaular necrosis AKA Osteonecrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Septic arthritis diagnostic criteria in aspiration

A

WBC > 50,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Septic arthritis diagnostic criteria for prosthetic in aspiration

A

WBC > 1100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Septic arthritis presentations

A
  • Acute presentation
  • Hot, swollen, painful, restricted joint
  • Fever (60% of cases)
  • Erythema
  • Swelling
31
Q

Septic Arthritis examination findings

A
  • Erythema
  • Effusion
  • Hot to touch
  • Pain on palpation
  • Fever
  • Systemically unwell
32
Q

Septic arthritis aspiration fluid characteristics

A
  • Purulent
  • Cloudy
33
Q

Septic arthritis common causative organism

A
  • Staph aureus
34
Q

Septic arthritis Mx

A
  • Empirical Abx until sensitivities
  • Abx for 6/52 from diagnosis
  • Surgical drainage and washout of the joint to clear the infection in severe cases
35
Q

Osteomyelitis epidemiology

A
  • < 5 years
  • long bones: arms / legs
36
Q

Paeds Osteomyelitis common site

A

metaphysis of the long bones

37
Q

Paeds Osteomyelitis common causative organism

A

Staph aureus

38
Q

Acute Paeds osteomyelitis

A

Infection in the bone - over 2/52

39
Q

Paeds osteomyelitis Ix

A
  • Bloods: FBC, ESR, CRP
  • Blood culture: Before commencing Abx
  • X-rays
  • MRI
  • Bone scan
40
Q

Paeds osteomyelitis Mx

A
  1. Admit
  2. Blood culture
  3. Think Sepsis: IV Abx after blood culture / within 1h of presenting for high risk sepsis patient
41
Q

Paeds osteomyelitis complications

A
  • Sepsis
  • Osteonecrosis AKA AVN
  • Bone abscess
  • Septic arthritis
  • Chronic osteomyelitis
42
Q

Paeds Septic arthritis complications

A

Joint damage: Septic arthritis can cause permanent damage to joints, including joint degeneration, stiffness, and dysfunction.
Osteomyelitis: An infection of the bone itself
Osteonecrosis: Bone tissue dies due to lack of blood flow
Sepsis: A widespread inflammation in the body
Death: In severe cases, septic arthritis can lead to death
Limb length discrepancy: A difference in the length of one leg compared to the other

43
Q

Vit D deficiency serum level in children

A

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels < 25 nmol/L

44
Q

Vit D sufficient serum level in children

A

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels > 50 nmol/L

45
Q

Vit D deficiency in children complications

A
  • Rickets
  • Osteomalacia and muscle weakness
  • Hypocalcaemia: seizures
  • Dilated cardiomyopathy
46
Q

Vit D deficiency Loading dose in Age 6-11 months

A

6000 IU daily for 8–12 weeks.

47
Q

Vit D deficiency Loading dose in Age 12–18 years

A
  • 10,000 IU daily for 8–12 weeks.
  • A single or divided oral dose totalling 300,000 IU can be considered if there is concern about compliance with treatment.
48
Q

Vit D deficiancy daily maintenance dose in children post loading dose regime

A

400–600 IU daily for 1/12

49
Q

Define Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)

A

A collective term used to describe arthritis that affects children and young individuals under the age of 16

50
Q

Systemic JIA Sx

A
  • Muscle / joint pain
  • High swinging fever 37-39
  • WL
  • Salmon-pink rash
51
Q

Systemic JIA presentations

A
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Serositis: inflammation to the serous membranes (pericarditis, pleuritis, peeritonistis)
  • Hepato / SPlenomeagly
  • Salmon-pink rash
  • High Temp
52
Q

Systemic JIA ANA, RF findings

53
Q

Systemic JIA inflammatory marker findings

A

Raised for CRP, ESR, PLTs, Ferritin

54
Q

Systemic JIA complication

A

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS)

disseminated intravascular coagulation

55
Q

Define Oligoarticular JIA AKA Pauciarticular JIA

A

Arthritis involving < 4 joints

56
Q

Oligoarticular JIA Risk factors

A
  • Female > Male
  • Age < 6years
57
Q

Oligoarticular JIA extrarticular complication

A

Ant. uveitis

58
Q

Oligoarticular JIA Sx

A
  • Pain in joints
  • Swelling in joints
  • Morning stiffness
    NO Systemic Sx
59
Q

Oligoarticular JIA auto-antibodies findings

A
  • RF -ve
  • ANA +ve
60
Q

Oligoarticular JIA Mx

A
  • Refer to paed Rheum
  • Intra-articular steroid injection
61
Q

Oligoarticular JIA commonly affects which joints

A

Large joints: knee and ankle

62
Q

Define Polyarticular JIA

A

Idiopathic inflammatory arthritis in > 5 joints

63
Q

Polyarticular JIA presentations

A
  • can be Symmetrical inflammation
  • affects smaller joints e.g. hands
  • Minimal systemic Sx
64
Q

Polyarticular JIA subtypes

A
  • Seronegative: RF -ve
  • Seropositive: RF +ve
65
Q

Polyarticular JIA seronegative prevalence

A

toddler - preschool age
Female > Male

66
Q

Polyarticular JIA seropositive prevalence

A

older children and adolescents

67
Q

Define Juvenile Psoriatic Arthritis

A

seronegative (RF -ve) inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis

68
Q

Juvenile Psoriatic Arthritis presentations

A
  • Plaques of psoriasison the skin
  • Pitting of the nails (nail pitting)
  • Onycholysis, separation of the nail from the nail bed
  • Dactylitis inflammation of the full finger
  • Enthesitis, inflammation of the entheses, which are the points of insertion of tendons into bone
69
Q

Systemic JIA Mx

A
  • Refer to paeds rheum
  • Physical activities
  • Physio
  • Oral steroid
70
Q

JIA bloods Ix

A
  • FBC, CRP, ESR, ANA, RF
71
Q

JIA imaging Ix

A
  • X-rays: to exclude trauma, osteomyelitis or malignancy
  • Ultrasound: can show joint fluid, synovial hypertrophy and erosions if present
  • MRI: delineates any bony changes, joint damage and extent of synovitis
72
Q

JIA X-ray findings

A
  • Bone erosion
  • Narrowing of joint space
  • Fusion of bones
73
Q

Chronic JIA complications

A
  • Growth failure or abnormality
  • Osteoporosis
  • Delayed puberty

Paediatrics (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions