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HLSC 222 Final > MSK > Flashcards

MSK Flashcards

1
Q

Risk factors of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A

Environmental factors, diet, socioeconomic status, smoking

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2
Q

Causes of Rhabdomyolysis?

A

Trauma – crush injuries,
Medications and drugs
Excessive muscle contraction
Infectious agents
Toxins – carbon monoxide

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3
Q

Complications of Rhabdomyolysis? Why?

A

Hyperkalemia – contents of cell – potassium is released into circulation

Cardiac dysrhythmia

Kidney failure – myoglobin precipitates in tubules, obstructing flow – urine that looks like cocacola

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4
Q

What are shin splints/?

A

stress on the tibia by overworking your muscles – going too fast to start and not allowing your muscles time to grow

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5
Q

What does RA (rheumatoid arthritis) cause? (symptoms)

A

Inflammation spreads to joint capsule and surrounding ligaments and tendons causing pain, deformity, & loss of function.
Also causes fever, malaise, rash, lymph node or spleen enlargement

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6
Q

What is Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis?

A

Childhood form of rheumatoid arthritis

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7
Q

What is fibromyalgia?

A

Syndrome of chronic pain and not a disease of inflammation

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8
Q

What is the most reliable indicator of Rhabdomyolysis?

A

Creatine kinase is also released in increased quantities – elevated CK is most reliable indicator

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9
Q

What is a flash freeze?

A

4th and final stage of a cold injury

– rapid formation of ice crystals

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10
Q

Common sites for Sprains?

A

Most common – wrist, ankle, elbow, and knee

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11
Q

Characteristics of a club foot?

A

Either one or both of the feet are twisted downward and inward with an increased arch and an inward facing heal

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12
Q

What is the flow phase of burns?

A

Enter a state of hypermetabolic response increase levels of catecholamines, cortisol, glucagon, and insulin correspond to an increase in their increased energy expenditure

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13
Q

What kind of potential injury can be caused with rewarming a cold injury?

A

Rewarming has potential for reperfusion injury – multiple factors occurring with inflammatory response - edema, redness, and burning pain

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14
Q

What is the rule of 9’s?

A

Rule of 9s – estimate percentage of body burned

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15
Q

Oblique Vs Spiral fracture?

A

Oblique breaks on an angle - Spiral – encircles the bone

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16
Q

4 stages of bone healing?

A

Bleeding at site of fracture and in surrounding tissue – inflammatory process occurring/going on

Hematoma at site forms into a fibrous network – soft callus forms along outer surface of bone and over fractured ends of bone

Osteoblasts within the soft callus synthesize collagen and matrix to form hard callus

Over time remodeling occurs – unnecessary callus is reabsorbed, repair tissues are realigned – bone is going to absorb what they need

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17
Q

What is Cellulitis? Where is it located?

A

Inflammation that is coming from an infection (bacterial infection)

More on superficial levels of the skin

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18
Q

What is secondary osteoporosis? (what dysfunction is it associated with?)

A

Secondary osteoporosis can be caused by dysfunction of endocrine system:

Parathyroid hormone, cortisol, thyroid hormone, and growth hormone – most commonly associated with osteoporosis

Other factors include medications, lack of physical activity, abnormal BMI

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19
Q

In JIA what kind of stage is the individual in? What plates can it affect?

A

In JA the individual is still in a growth stage, JA can affect the epiphyseal plate

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20
Q

Primary risk factors of causing a club foot?

A

Combination of genetic and environmental factors – can be from fetal positioning in womb

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21
Q

What is going to be obviously seen when there is a dislocation?

A

Going to see an obvious deformity when there is a dislocation

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22
Q

Disease and tissue risk factors for pressure ulcers?

A

Impaired perfusion – ischemia
Exposure to moisture – fecal or urinary incontinence
Malnutrition
Dehydration
History of pressure ulcers
Aging
Prolonged steroid use
Chronic diseases

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23
Q

What is a pathological fracture?

A

caused by weakness within the bone – osteoporosis, tumors, infection – disease process over time – pathological because its not trauma

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24
Q

What tissue is first affected in RA Vs OA? How is it different?

A

Different than OA, the synovial membrane is the first tissue affected

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25
Q

What is a stress fracture? What are some of its characteristics?

A

Stress from increase load to the point of breakage or fatigue fracture - repetitive stress or torque on the bone – joggers – muscle grows faster than bone so getting in shape needs to be tempered with time – not a complete fracture

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26
Q

S+S of Rhabdomyolysis?

A

Typical triad of symptoms - Muscle pain, weakness, and dark urine

Does not always present with muscle pain and weakness – dark urine from myoglobin in urine – not always indicative of rhabdomyolysis

Creatine kinase is also released in increased quantities – elevated CK is most reliable indicator

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27
Q

Structural scoliosis

-Congenital Vs Teratological?

A

Congenital – attributed to bony deformity
Teratological (study of curvature of the spine) – caused by another systemic syndrome – cerebral palsy – curvature in the spine
80% is idiopathic – unknown cause

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28
Q

S+S of scoliosis?

A

Shortness of breath – impeded gas exchange – can lead to deformed lungs

Reduced pulmonary function – if thoracic curve > 60 degrees

Fatigue, back pain – muscles pulling on spine

Curvature of the spine is going to cause the prominent curve of spine, one shoulder will be higher, and asymmetry of the thoracic cage

Kyphosis – rotation causes prominence along thoracic spine

Right sided heart failure – if curve > 80 degrees

GI disturbances- due to thoracic and lumbar deformity

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29
Q

What is rhabdomyolysis? What does it cause?

A

Rapid breakdown of muscle that causes the release of intracellular contents including myoglobin, enzymes, and potassium into extracellular space and blood stream – working out to fast

Damage to muscle causing a relase

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30
Q

What is hematogenous osteomyelitis? what population is it more commonly seen in?

A

caused by a pathogen carried in the blood stream – more common in children

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31
Q

What is Contiguous osteomyelitis?

A

– caused by infection spreads from adjacent bone

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32
Q

S+S of hematogenous osteomyelitis? what precedes the onset?

A

Vague – fever, malaise, anorexia, weight loss, and pain in or around infected area

Recent infection precedes onset

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33
Q

What is Necrotizing Fasciitis?

A

-Severe form of cellulitis

– rare but potentially fatal dependent on area infected – pain gets out of control (abnormal pain response to the infection)

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34
Q

What is Kyphosis? Where is it seen in?

A

Seen in patients with scoliosis

Kyphosis – rotation causes prominence along thoracic spine

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35
Q

S+S of osteoporosis?

A

Bone deformity and pain due to fractures – vertebral fractures can cause kyphosis – hump back

Fractured hip – fracture of neck of femur due to osteoporosis can caused the fall – did fall cause fracture or did the fracture cause the fall

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36
Q

Causes of dislocations and subluxations?

A

Developing joint – ligaments may have developed looser

Trauma

See it more under the age of 20

Muscular imbalance – unbalanced exercise program, bad posture, inactivity

Incongruities in surfaces – rheumatoid arthritis

Joint instability – repetitive dislocations – stretching of ligaments in previous injury

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37
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

Stress from increase load to the point of breakage or fatigue fracture - repetitive stress or torque on the bone – joggers – muscle grows faster than bone so getting in shape needs to be tempered with time – not a complete fracture

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38
Q

What is Osteoarthritis? What is it caused by?

A

Loss of protective cartilage

Osteoarthritisis caused by physical use – wearandtear of ajointover time (or, occasionally, over a short time as a result of an injury).Wear and tear of joint over time

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39
Q

What kind of different signs and symptoms can pathological and stress fractures have?

A

Pathological – can potentially have asymptomatic deformity and swelling, or have more of a generalized bone pain

Stress – pain can occur during repetitive injury resolved with rest

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40
Q

Open Vs closed fracture? What are we particularly worried about with each fracture?

A

skin is open or if there has not been an interruption in the skin worried about compartment syndrome if close infection if open

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41
Q

what are the 4 stages of a cold injury?

A

1.) Frostnip
2.) Chilblains
3.) Full thickness frost bite
4.) Flash Freeze

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42
Q

What areas of the body are most susceptible for cold injuries?

A

Toes, ears, nose and cheeks most susceptible

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43
Q

What is fibromyalgia linked to? Why?

A

No clear explanation for what causes Fibromyalgia

Abnormally low levels of serotonin – typically reduces pain signals – sleep pattern is affected due to low serotonin as well

Linked to serotonin levels

Firing pian without known cause

Not treated traditionally

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44
Q

Stage 1 -4 of pressure ulcers

A

Stage 1 – non-blanchable erythema – red in colour – still can prevent ulceration with skin care and repositioning

Stage 2 – partial thickness skin loss – skins breaks open or wears away – site is tender and painful – epidermis or dermis involved

Stage 3 – extends to tissues below skin – may see fat tissue, but not muscle, tendon, or bone

Stage 4 – full thickness – muscle, bone, ligaments, or tendons visible

Unstageable – full thickness tissue loss but the base of the ulcer is covered with slough (thick yellow/white coating within the wound bed) and/or eschar (dead tissue in the wound bed)

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45
Q

what is a subluxation?

A

Contact between opposing joint surfaces is only partially lost

subluxation(a partialdislocationfollowed by relocation) partial contact between opposing joint surface can damage the ligaments, nerves, joint surfaces (cartilage), as well as the bones that make up the joint.

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46
Q

What are the characteristics of an effected club foot?

A

Less flexible
Shorter leg length
Smaller shoe and calf size

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47
Q

Risk factors for club foot?

A

Abnormal intrauterine positioning
Neuromuscular or vascular problems
Maternal smoking
Genetics

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48
Q

Who is at greatest risk for developing osteomyelitis?

A

Chronically ill, diabetics, alcoholics, individuals on high doses of steroids or immunosuppressive medications

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49
Q

Direct Vs Indirect bone healing?

A

Direct healing – bone cortices are in contact with each other

Indirect healing – development of callus and eventual remodeling of solid bone

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50
Q

What is full-thickness frostbite?

What sensations are felt?

A

3rd stage of a cold injury

– tissues freeze – ice crystal formation – numbness – no sensation of pain – not reversible

51
Q

What is frost nip? What are some symptoms?

A

1st stage of cold injury

superficial frostbite – pallor and pain – increased during tissue rewarming – top tissue

52
Q

Sprain Vs Strain?

A

Strain - Tearing or stretching of a muscle or tendon

Sprain – ligament tears

53
Q

What can gout lead to?

A

Gout occurs intermittently, but can lead to chronic disability, HTN, & renal disease

54
Q

S+S of osteomyelitis?

A

pain, fever, voluntary immobility of affected limb

55
Q

Risk factors for osteroprosis?

A

Biggest risk is older post menopausal women

56
Q

With compartment syndrome what can muscle ischemia cause? What does this lead to?

A

Muscle ischemia can cause edema, increased compartment pressure, and tamponade = leads to muscle infarction & neural injury

57
Q

S+S of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A

Joint degradation is symmetrical – unlike in OA
Stiffness – more pronounced in morning- lasts longer than 1 hour
3 or more affected joints
Symmetrical involvement of hands
Low-grade fever
Fixed flexion of the smaller hand joints – ‘swan neck and boutonniere’
Other organ involvement – lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, nephropathy, eyes

58
Q

S+S of a fracture?

A

Swelling at site of injury

Pain - muscle spasm, will continue until bone fragments are immobilized

Loss of function

Deformity

Crepitus- rubbing of bone fragments against each other

Bruising

Impaired sensation

Hypotension – large volume of blood moving from blood stream into site of injury – can be related to bleeding or pain – loose sensation

Pulselessness

59
Q

What is Scoliosis?

A

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

60
Q

What is gout caused by?

A

Caused by overproduction of uric acid or underexcretion of uric acid by kidneys – 90% of gout is underexcretion – strong genetic basis

61
Q

What can non-structural scoliosis become if left untreated?

A

Non-structural can become structural if not treated

62
Q

What are dislocations and subluxations often accompanied by? Why?

A

Often accompanied by;

Fractures due to the stress of the joint moving to a less supportive area of bone

Bruising - tearing of adjacent nerves, blood vessels, ligaments, and soft tissues

Going to see an obvious deformity when there is a dislocation

63
Q

What kind of state do we see patients go into while in the flow phase of burns?

A

They will have hyperglycemia with increased insulin resistance and loss of muscle (up to 25%)– this stage can last up to 2 years – want to get the calories up – high increase energy expedndature

64
Q

When does compartment syndrome occur? What is its result?

A

Compartment syndrome occurs when there is damage within a compartment but the fascia encircling the compartment is intact

– result is increased pressure within the compartment restricting blood flow

65
Q

what is a comminuted fracture?

A

fractured into more than 2 fragments

66
Q

How can a club for be classified?

A

Can be classified as positional, idiopathic or teratological (resulting from another disease – commonly spina bifida) – inward downward flexation of the foot

67
Q

Complications of osteoporosis?

A

fractures – 1 in 6 women and 1 in 12 men will sustain a vertebral fracture

68
Q

S+S of Cellulitis?

A

Warm, erythematous, swollen, pain
Usually in lower extremities, swollen lymph nodes

69
Q

Causes of contiguous osteomyelitis? What are some risk factors?

A

caused by open fractures, penetrating wounds, or surgical procedures

Can also be caused by metabolic or vascular disease, - diabetes, PVD, lifestyle risks – smoking, alcohol or drug abuse, and age

70
Q

Structural Vs non-structural scoliosis?

A

Non-structural – causes other than the spine

Structural – cause is vertebral rotation – uneven leg length

71
Q

Causes of Scoliosis?

A

Congenital deformity
Neuromuscular disease – MD, CP, polio

Different leg lengths

Trauma & paraspinal
inflammation – stress or disease of spine

Age – degenerative scoliosis – osteoporosis of spine

High arches in feet – alters balance

72
Q

Risk factors for dupytren’s contractures? Where do they come from?

A

genetic factors, alcohol, tobacco use, and diabetes may be risk factors. – comes from harding of the tentionds on the body - has to be relased (adehesion on the outside of our body)

73
Q

What can excessive stretching during the healing process of stains and sprains result in?

A

Excessive stretch during healing process could cause ends to separate and lengthen shape – results in scar tissue formation or poor tendon or ligament function

74
Q

What are the 3 different kinds of burn? What are their characteristics?

(Thermal Vs Non-thermal burns)

A

Thermal - heat contact, scalds, or radiation

Nonthermal sources –
Chemical – ingestion of acids, alkalis, or blistering agents
Electrical – passage of current through the body to the ground

75
Q

Where is Rheumatoid arthritis most commonly seen?

A

Swan neck deformity of the thumbs

76
Q

Risk factors for cold injury?

A

Winter season.
No or inadequate shelter from the cold.
High wind chill factor.
Exposure at a high altitude.
Prolonged duration of exposure.
Prolonged exposure to a wet condition.
Altered mental status.
Alcohol or drug abuse.

77
Q

S+S of sprains and strains

A

Pain (sharp, localized), swelling, changes in contour of ligament or tendon, dislocation or subluxation

78
Q

S+S of osteoarthritis?

A

Pain, stiffness, swelling, decreased ROM, muscle wasting, partial dislocation, & deformity

Joint stiffness – difficulty initiating joint movement –dissipates after a few minutes, can last longer but not common

Joint effusion – swelling of the joint – caused by presence of osteocyte fragments in synovial cavity, drainage from cysts, or trauma to joint that results in hemorrhage and inflammation of synovial cavity

79
Q

S+S of fibromyalgia? What gender is it more commonly seen in?

A

S&S – almost always women
Chronic generalized pain and fatigue
Cognitive dysfunction, changes in mood (think of changes in mood due to chronic pain)
Diagnosis comes from ruling out other potential causes -

80
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

Perforates one cortex and splinters the spongy bone

-Bone is bent sharply, the outer surface is disrupted, but the inner surface remains intact

Break in one cortex of the bone with splintering of the inner bone surface; commonly occurs in children and older persons

81
Q

Scute Vs Subacute Vs Chronic Osteomyeltits?

A

Acute is diagnosed 2 weeks after symptom onset

Subacute has been present for 1 – several months

Chronic disease has been present for several months to years

82
Q

Risk factors for osteoarthritis?

A

Trauma
Mechanical stress – repetitive physical tasks
Inflammation in the joint
Joint instability due to damage to supporting structures
Neurological, blood, or endocrine disorders
Congenital deformities
Medications

83
Q

Where is RA most commonly seen?

A

Most common – fingers, feet, wrist, elbows, ankles, and knees
Frequency decreases with age

84
Q

what population is Contiguous osteomyelitis seen more in? what gender is it more commonly seen in?

A

In children and adults – men are more affected than women

85
Q

Where can gout crystals form? What can they lead to?

When can crystal deposits occur?

A

Crystals can form in other parts of the body – heart, earlobes, kidneys

Deposits of crystals can occur years before diagnosis – early diagnosis is important to prevent complications

Gout occurs intermittently, but can lead to chronic disability, HTN, & renal disease

86
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Decreased bone density with an increased risk of fractures

Chronic disease
Progresses silently for decades – not necessarily related to aging
Old bone is being absorbed faster than new bone is being made

87
Q

1st degree burn characteristics?

What kind of systemic symptoms might one feel?

How long does it take to heal?

A

First Degree – no treatment required may have nausea and vomiting – vulnerable groups – young and old may experience dehydration – heal within 3-5 days – no scarring – skin is pink and blanches

88
Q

Osteoarthritis is initially? What will resting the joint do? where is the pain located?

A

Initially asymptomatic – pain in a load bearing joint – typically the knee is usually the first site

Resting the joint initially will relieve the pain

89
Q

What is osteomyelitis? What is it caused by?

A

infection of the bone – most often caused by bacteria (staph aureus), but can also be caused be virus, fungi, or parasites

90
Q

Risk factors of gout?

A

Risk factors - Male gender, increasing age, high intake of alcohol, red meat, and fructose, increasing BMI

91
Q

Patho process behind osteomyelitis?

A

Initial infection - inflammatory response – forms biofilms that adhere to surfaces – increase antibiotic resistance – small terminal vessels thrombose and exudate seals the bone canaliculi – exudate extends into the marrow cavity – blood flow is disrupted which leads to necrosis and death producing sequestrum – osteoblasts lay down new bone over infected bone –Openings in the involucrum allow exudate to escape to surrounding tissues and through to skin by sinus tracts.

92
Q

Populations at risk for Cellulitis?

A

Diabetics, cirrhosis, renal failure and malnourishment

Immunocompromised, cancer, and alcohol and drug abusers

93
Q

2nd degree burn characteristics?

(What remains intact?)

A

Second Degree – superficial partial thickness– fluid filled blisters – develop within minutes of injury – pain sensors remain intact – wound heal in 3- 4 weeks – scarring is unusual

  • deep partial thickness - waxy white look – takes weeks to heal – necrotic tissue may be present and will need to be surgically removed – followed by graph of own skin – hypertrophic scarring
94
Q

S+S of contiguous osteomyelitis?

A

inflammatory exudate in soft tissues – abscesses form, low grade fever, lymphadenopathy, local pain, and swelling of puncture wound
– going to have the normal signs and symptoms of infection due to this

-More common in men then women

-Anyone with diabetes or auto immune disease

95
Q

Adhesions Vs Contractures?

A

Adhesions on the inside of the body contractures are on the outside

96
Q

What is a Dupuytern’s contracture? What is it caused by?

A

caused by a connective tissue in palm thickens and become scar-like – not painful, but restricts movements of fingers –

97
Q

What kind of sensations are patients feeling with subluxations and dislocations? What can they lead to?

A

Numbness, tingling, paralysis, can lead to permanent disability

98
Q

3rd degree burn characteristics?

(whats been destroyed and lost, what do we do to prevent compartment syndrome, what’s the appearance)

A

Third Degree – full thickness – dry leathery appearance – loss of dermal elasticity – may compromise circulation due to edema if entire limb is involved – requires escharotomies – cutting through burned skin to release pressure and prevent compartment syndrome – all nerve endings have been destroyed

99
Q

What gender is Scoliosis more common in?

A

More common in girls than boys

100
Q

Necrotizing fasciitis is an infection of?

A

Infection of Streptococcus pyogenes

101
Q

What happens/where does the blood flow shift to in burn shock?

A

The blood is shunted away from liver, kidney, and gut – ‘ebb phase’ – first 24 hours – keeping fluids at the brain and heart

After approximately 24 hours – longer for some there is a restoration of capillary integrity, edema starts to resolve and burn shock ends.

102
Q

Patho behind osteoarthritis

A

Articular cartilage breaks down, can flake off and develop longitudinal fissures, underlying unprotected bone become sclerotic, as the articular cartilage breaks down, osteophytes will try to build new bone forming bone spurs – into the synovial cavity, these spurs can break off into the synovial cavity increasing the irritation and volume of the joint – contributes to immobility. All components of the joint are affected, cartilage, bone, and synovial fluid.

103
Q

What is burn shock? what do we see?

A

– combination of cardiovascular hypovolemia and cellular hypovolemia

  • Massive fluid losses – shift of fluids to interstitial spaces – increased capillary permeability

See decreased cardiac contractility and decreased blood volume – cardiac isn’t able to pump then the vascular problems follow

104
Q

What areas of the body does osteoarthritis most commonly affect?

A

most commonly affects joints in your hands, knees, peripherally and hips and spine centrally

105
Q

what is a dislocation?

A

Dislocation (a complete disruption of the joint) joint surfaces lose contact with each other

106
Q

Risk factors for pressure ulcers?

A

prolonged pressure – dependent areas of the body – ankles, heals, sacrum - bony prominences
Immobilization – quadriplegics, trauma, surgery, stretchers in ER, x-ray tables, OR beds
Exposure to moisture –diaphoresis
Fractures or contractures
Sedation
Friction or shearing forces – moving patients in bed or in chairs
Bed sheets,
Inadequate care taker
Knowledge deficit

107
Q

Risk factors for osteoporosis?

A

Alcohol
Sedentary lifestyle
smoking
Post menapausal women

108
Q

What is diffuse atrophy?

A

muscle wasting – reduction in normal size of muscle fibres after prolonged inactivity from bed rest, trauma, or local nerve damage. – losing 3% of muscle mass a day without excersing it

109
Q

Transverse Vs Linear fracture?

A

Transverse runs through the bone – linear runs parallel to the bone

110
Q

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis? What do we typically see?

A

Inflammatory arthritisis a chronic autoimmune disease in which your immune system misidentifies your own body tissues as harmful germs or pathogens and attacks them – focusing on joints.

Typically see joint swelling and tenderness – destruction of synovial joints – disability and in some cases premature death

Combination of genetic factors interacting with inflammatory mediators

111
Q

Common sites for strains?

A

Most common – hands, feet, knees, upper arm, thigh, ankle, and heal

112
Q

What kind of onset does Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis have? what are some symptoms?

A

Systemic onset:
Fever, rash, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, leukocytosis

113
Q

6 P’s of compartment syndrome?

A

Pain – beyond what is expected from injury

Pressure – swelling or tenseness felt over affected area

Pallor – decreased blood flow to extremity

Paresthesia – numbness or tingling due to nerve impingement

Paresis – muscle weakness

Pulselessness – inadequate blood perfusion

114
Q

What do we do when rewarming a cold injury?

A

Initially skin is rewarmed using temperatures of own body – hand on own skin

No rubbing or massaging

Warm water – not hot – used to rewarm limbs

115
Q

S+S of gout?

A

Pain, inflammation of joints – specifically the great toe

Kidney stones

Joint enlargement – crystals harden, eroding bone and cartilage

Back pain – pain in kidneys due to excess buildup of uric acid

116
Q

What are the 3 forms of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis?

A

Oligoarthritis – < 3 joints – less then 3 joints – “a little bit of arthities”

Polyarthritis - > 3 joints – more than 3

Still disease – severe systemic onset – systemic inflamtion

117
Q

4th degree burn characteristics? What do they require?

A

Fourth Degree – involve joints and burns - require skin grafting or reconstructive surgery follow the rule of 9s for estimating total body surface

Both 3rd and 4th degree burns are considered medical emergencies

118
Q

What is compartment syndrome caused by?

A

Caused by bleeding within the compartment or increased pressure outside of the compartment or a combination of both

Severe burns, bleeding, crush injuries, bites, tight casts or bandages

119
Q

Characteristics of Necrotizing fasciitis?

A

Severe form of cellulitis

Rapidly spreading – destroys skin, fat, fascia, muscles – unusual pain – die if infection goes into the internal organs

Unusual levels of pain – pain that is off the chart

120
Q

With burns, what kind of reaction are we going to have with the more area that is burned?

A

The more area that’s burnt the more of a systemic reaction you are going to have

121
Q

What areas of the body is osteoporosis most commonly seen in?

A

Most commonly seen in spine vertebrae, but also seen in femoral neck, and wrist

Can be generalized – affecting major portions of skeleton

Regional affecting one segment

122
Q

What is gout also refers to as? What is happening with the concentration of uric acid?

A

Concentration of uric acid increases to the point where it crystalizes – insolvable precipitates deposited in connective tissue

Crystallization in synovial fluid results in painful inflammation of the joint.
Also referred to as gouty arthritis

123
Q

What is Chilblains?

A

2nd stage of cold injury

– partial thickness frostbite – tissue becomes white – can develop chronic vasculitis if skin is constantly exposed to cold – reversible at this time/stage – no crystal formation at this stage

124
Q

Most common sites for strains?

A

Major trauma or tear can rupture tendons at any site in the body.

-Tendons of hands, feet, knee, upper arm, thigh, ankle, and heel are most commonly injured

HLSC 222 Final (5 decks)

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