MSK Flashcards
Risk factors of Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Environmental factors, diet, socioeconomic status, smoking
Causes of Rhabdomyolysis?
Trauma – crush injuries,
Medications and drugs
Excessive muscle contraction
Infectious agents
Toxins – carbon monoxide
Complications of Rhabdomyolysis? Why?
Hyperkalemia – contents of cell – potassium is released into circulation
Cardiac dysrhythmia
Kidney failure – myoglobin precipitates in tubules, obstructing flow – urine that looks like cocacola
What are shin splints/?
stress on the tibia by overworking your muscles – going too fast to start and not allowing your muscles time to grow
What does RA (rheumatoid arthritis) cause? (symptoms)
Inflammation spreads to joint capsule and surrounding ligaments and tendons causing pain, deformity, & loss of function.
Also causes fever, malaise, rash, lymph node or spleen enlargement
What is Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis?
Childhood form of rheumatoid arthritis
What is fibromyalgia?
Syndrome of chronic pain and not a disease of inflammation
What is the most reliable indicator of Rhabdomyolysis?
Creatine kinase is also released in increased quantities – elevated CK is most reliable indicator
What is a flash freeze?
4th and final stage of a cold injury
– rapid formation of ice crystals
Common sites for Sprains?
Most common – wrist, ankle, elbow, and knee
Characteristics of a club foot?
Either one or both of the feet are twisted downward and inward with an increased arch and an inward facing heal
What is the flow phase of burns?
Enter a state of hypermetabolic response increase levels of catecholamines, cortisol, glucagon, and insulin correspond to an increase in their increased energy expenditure
What kind of potential injury can be caused with rewarming a cold injury?
Rewarming has potential for reperfusion injury – multiple factors occurring with inflammatory response - edema, redness, and burning pain
What is the rule of 9’s?
Rule of 9s – estimate percentage of body burned
Oblique Vs Spiral fracture?
Oblique breaks on an angle - Spiral – encircles the bone
4 stages of bone healing?
Bleeding at site of fracture and in surrounding tissue – inflammatory process occurring/going on
Hematoma at site forms into a fibrous network – soft callus forms along outer surface of bone and over fractured ends of bone
Osteoblasts within the soft callus synthesize collagen and matrix to form hard callus
Over time remodeling occurs – unnecessary callus is reabsorbed, repair tissues are realigned – bone is going to absorb what they need
What is Cellulitis? Where is it located?
Inflammation that is coming from an infection (bacterial infection)
More on superficial levels of the skin
What is secondary osteoporosis? (what dysfunction is it associated with?)
Secondary osteoporosis can be caused by dysfunction of endocrine system:
Parathyroid hormone, cortisol, thyroid hormone, and growth hormone – most commonly associated with osteoporosis
Other factors include medications, lack of physical activity, abnormal BMI
In JIA what kind of stage is the individual in? What plates can it affect?
In JA the individual is still in a growth stage, JA can affect the epiphyseal plate
Primary risk factors of causing a club foot?
Combination of genetic and environmental factors – can be from fetal positioning in womb
What is going to be obviously seen when there is a dislocation?
Going to see an obvious deformity when there is a dislocation
Disease and tissue risk factors for pressure ulcers?
Impaired perfusion – ischemia
Exposure to moisture – fecal or urinary incontinence
Malnutrition
Dehydration
History of pressure ulcers
Aging
Prolonged steroid use
Chronic diseases
What is a pathological fracture?
caused by weakness within the bone – osteoporosis, tumors, infection – disease process over time – pathological because its not trauma
What tissue is first affected in RA Vs OA? How is it different?
Different than OA, the synovial membrane is the first tissue affected