Msk 1 bones and joints

Question 0

How many bones in the skeleton

Answer 0

206

Question 1

What is the function of the skeleton. Structural, mechanical and physiological

Answer 1

Support
Protect
Shape
Movement (attachment for muscles & levers)
Haemopoiesis (red marrow)
Mineral storage (bone matrix)
Lipid storage (yellow matrix)

Question 2

Describe the axial skeleton

Answer 2

80 bones
Protection and support 
Skull
Vertebral column
Sternum 
Ribs

Question 3

Describe the appendicular skeleton

Answer 3

126 bones
Mobility
Upper limbs: shoulder girdle, arms, forearms, hands
Lower limbs: permit girdle, thighs, legs, feet

Question 4

List the 5 shapes of bone

Answer 4

Long
Short cuboidal
Flat
Irregular
Seasmoid

Question 5

What is a joint

Answer 5

An articulation between 2 or more bones

Question 6

Describe fibrous joints

Answer 6

Fixed,immovable, joined by fibrous connective tissue

E.g. Sutures in baby skull. Gomphosis (teeth), syndesmosis (e.g. Radius and ulna)

Question 7

Describe cartilaginous joints and give locations

Answer 7

Primary: synchondrosis between first rib and sternum. Normally found during growth as connected by hyaline cartilage
Secondary: found in adults as well, fibrocartilage connects. E.g. In intervertebral discs and public synthesis (joins pelvic bones)

Question 8

Describe synovial joints (diarthrosis) and give locations

Answer 8

Joined by synovial tissue. Most common joint

• articular capsule (synovial membrane (secretes fluid) and fibrous capsule)
• synovial fluid
• articular cartilage (hyaline)

Question 9

Describe a plane synovial joint

Answer 9

Plane - gliding and sliding movements. E.g. Acromioclavicular joint

Question 10

Describe a hinge joint

Answer 10

Hinge: permits flex ion and extension only. E.g. Elbow

Synovial

Question 11

Describe a saddle joint

Answer 11

Saddle: concave and convex joint surfaces. E.g. 1st CMCPJ

(Joints between the carpals and the metacarpals in hands) 1st is the thumb

Question 12

Describe the ball and socket joint

Answer 12

Permits movement in several axes
Shoulder
Hip

Question 13

Describe a condyloid joint

Answer 13

Permits flexion and extension
Adduction  and abduction
Circumduction
E.g. MCPJ
metacarpophalangeal joint. Knuckles

Question 14

Describe a pivot joint

Answer 14

Rotation e.g.proximal radio-ulnar joint

Atlanto- axial joint (neck)

Question 15

What does stability of joints depend on

Answer 15

Articular surface (depth)
Ligament
Muscles/muscle tone

Question 16

Describe intra membranous ossification

Answer 16

Occurs in flat bones e,g, skull, clavicle, pelvis
Connective mesenchymal tissue converted to bone
Thickens bone instead of lengthening
Calcification of the connective tissue by osteoblasts
Forming periosteum the perichondrium (on outside)

Question 17

Describe endochrondral ossification

Answer 17

Growth of long bones
From mesenchymal tissue to hyaline cartilage to bone
Mesenchymal cells to chondrocytes which Lay down hyaline cartilage template
Calcification in primary ossification centre (diaphysis) by osteoblasts. Blood vessels develop.
Chondrocytes rapidly divide pushing the growth plates apart - secondary growth centres. And secrete more cartilage template.
Periosteum develops containing blood vessels.
Articular cartilage forms at the ends,
Perichondrium surrounds bone

Question 18

Why do tubercules and tuberosities form? And grooves?

Answer 18

Mechanical forces from attaching muscles tendons and ligaments
Grooves form from pressure from adjacent structures, e.g. Nerves and blood vessels

Question 19

Mechanical functions of bone?

Answer 19

Rigid framework- support
Protect internal organs
Body movements - anchors for muscles and as levers

Question 20

Function of red bone marrow and erythropoietin?

Answer 20

Production of erythrocytes via erythropoeisis.

Erythropoietin is released from the kidneys when blood oxygen levels are low e,g, on anaemia.

Question 21

In joints: define synathrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis

Answer 21

Immovable joint,slightly moveable, and freely movable

Question 22

How would you classify joints by structure?

Answer 22

Fibrous: fixed, fibrous cartilage e.g gomphosis, sutures, syndemoses.
Cartilaginous: primary- growth plate in long bones, made of hyaline
Secondary- fribrocartilage in joint cavity, e.g public symphysis, IV joint

Synovial: articular (hyaline cartilage), synovial membrane secreting synovial fluid, protective capsule,

Question 23

What three factors restrict movement at synovial joints

Answer 23

Tension form ligament
Muscle tension
Interference from other structures

Question 24

What tissues are affected in RA and OA

Answer 24

RA- synovium

OA cartilage

Question 25

Describe the effect of reduced calcium and phosphorous on bone

Answer 25

Bones become brittle, as these minerals contribute to about half of the bone made,

Question 26

Why is vitamin A needed in bone

Answer 26

Imbalance in the ratio Of osteoblasts and osteoclasts- slows the growth rate,

Question 27

Vitamin c in bone?

Answer 27

Reduced collagen production and therfore bone matrix. Slows bone repair