Msk 1 bones and joints Flashcards
How many bones in the skeleton
206
What is the function of the skeleton. Structural, mechanical and physiological
Support Protect Shape Movement (attachment for muscles & levers) Haemopoiesis (red marrow) Mineral storage (bone matrix) Lipid storage (yellow matrix)
Describe the axial skeleton
80 bones Protection and support Skull Vertebral column Sternum Ribs
Describe the appendicular skeleton
126 bones
Mobility
Upper limbs: shoulder girdle, arms, forearms, hands
Lower limbs: permit girdle, thighs, legs, feet
List the 5 shapes of bone
Long Short cuboidal Flat Irregular Seasmoid
What is a joint
An articulation between 2 or more bones
Describe fibrous joints
Fixed,immovable, joined by fibrous connective tissue
E.g. Sutures in baby skull. Gomphosis (teeth), syndesmosis (e.g. Radius and ulna)
Describe cartilaginous joints and give locations
Primary: synchondrosis between first rib and sternum. Normally found during growth as connected by hyaline cartilage
Secondary: found in adults as well, fibrocartilage connects. E.g. In intervertebral discs and public synthesis (joins pelvic bones)
Describe synovial joints (diarthrosis) and give locations
Joined by synovial tissue. Most common joint
- articular capsule (synovial membrane (secretes fluid) and fibrous capsule)
- synovial fluid
- articular cartilage (hyaline)
Describe a plane synovial joint
Plane - gliding and sliding movements. E.g. Acromioclavicular joint
Describe a hinge joint
Hinge: permits flex ion and extension only. E.g. Elbow
Synovial
Describe a saddle joint
Saddle: concave and convex joint surfaces. E.g. 1st CMCPJ
(Joints between the carpals and the metacarpals in hands) 1st is the thumb
Describe the ball and socket joint
Permits movement in several axes
Shoulder
Hip
Describe a condyloid joint
Permits flexion and extension Adduction and abduction Circumduction E.g. MCPJ metacarpophalangeal joint. Knuckles
Describe a pivot joint
Rotation e.g.proximal radio-ulnar joint
Atlanto- axial joint (neck)
What does stability of joints depend on
Articular surface (depth)
Ligament
Muscles/muscle tone
Describe intra membranous ossification
Occurs in flat bones e,g, skull, clavicle, pelvis
Connective mesenchymal tissue converted to bone
Thickens bone instead of lengthening
Calcification of the connective tissue by osteoblasts
Forming periosteum the perichondrium (on outside)
Describe endochrondral ossification
Growth of long bones
From mesenchymal tissue to hyaline cartilage to bone
Mesenchymal cells to chondrocytes which Lay down hyaline cartilage template
Calcification in primary ossification centre (diaphysis) by osteoblasts. Blood vessels develop.
Chondrocytes rapidly divide pushing the growth plates apart - secondary growth centres. And secrete more cartilage template.
Periosteum develops containing blood vessels.
Articular cartilage forms at the ends,
Perichondrium surrounds bone
Why do tubercules and tuberosities form? And grooves?
Mechanical forces from attaching muscles tendons and ligaments
Grooves form from pressure from adjacent structures, e.g. Nerves and blood vessels
Mechanical functions of bone?
Rigid framework- support
Protect internal organs
Body movements - anchors for muscles and as levers
Function of red bone marrow and erythropoietin?
Production of erythrocytes via erythropoeisis.
Erythropoietin is released from the kidneys when blood oxygen levels are low e,g, on anaemia.
In joints: define synathrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis
Immovable joint,slightly moveable, and freely movable
How would you classify joints by structure?
Fibrous: fixed, fibrous cartilage e.g gomphosis, sutures, syndemoses.
Cartilaginous: primary- growth plate in long bones, made of hyaline
Secondary- fribrocartilage in joint cavity, e.g public symphysis, IV joint
Synovial: articular (hyaline cartilage), synovial membrane secreting synovial fluid, protective capsule,
What three factors restrict movement at synovial joints
Tension form ligament
Muscle tension
Interference from other structures
