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MSK 1: Bones and Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

The musculoskeletal system is made up of…

A

Bone
Muscle
Connective tissue

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2
Q

How many bones are in an adult?

A

206

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3
Q

How many bones are in children?

A

270

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4
Q

The skeleton can be divided into which two parts?

A

Axial and appendicular

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5
Q

What are the five funtions of the skeletal system?

A 
Movement
Support 
Protection of vital organs
Calcium storage
Haematopoesis
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6
Q

Bone can be classified by ,,,,,,

A

Shape

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7
Q

Name six examples of bones.

A 
Long bone
Short bone
Sutured bone
Flat bone
Irregular bone
Seasmoid bone
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8
Q

What is the name of a bone stem cell? Where are they found?

A

Osteogenic cell

Deep layers of periosteum

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9
Q

What is an osteoblast? What is it’s function? Where are they found?

A

‘Bone forming’ cell that secretes osteoid and catalyses it’s mineralisation.
Found in growing bone.

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10
Q

What is an osteoclast? What is it’s function? Where are they found?

A

‘Bone breaking’ cell that dissolves and resorbs bone by phagocytosis
Found on the bone surface and at sites of damage.

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11
Q

Which cells are derived from bone marrow?

A

Osteoclasts

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12
Q

What is an osteocyte? What is it’s function? Where are they found?

A

A ‘mature’ bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in its own secretions. They sense mechanical strain to direct osteoclast and blast activity.
Found in matrix.

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13
Q

What percentage of bone matrix is organic and inorganic?

A

40% organic and 60% inorganic

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14
Q

Which two substances form the inorganic component of bone matrix?

A

Calcium hydroxyapatite and osteocalcium phosphate.

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15
Q

Which substance make up the organic component?

A

Type 1 collagen and ground substance.

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16
Q

What three substances are ground substance?

A

Proteoglycans
Glycoproteins
Cytokines and growth factors

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of immature bone?

A

Woven and relatively weak.

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of mature bone?

A

Mineralised woven bone with a lamellar structure, relatively strong.

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19
Q

What are the two types of mature bone?

A

Cortical and cancellous.

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20
Q

What is the difference between cortical and cancellous bone?

A

Cortical is compact and dense whilst cancellous is spongey with a honeycomb structure, and not suitable for weightbearing.

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21
Q

What is an osteon?

A

Repeated structural unit in bone, with concentric lamellae around a central haversian canal.

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22
Q

What does a haversian canal contain?

A

Blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics.

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23
Q

What is a lacunae?

A

Small spaces containing osteocytes, with tiny canaliculi radiating from them, filled with extracellular fluid.

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24
Q

What is the name of transverse perforating canals in bone structure?

A

Volkmans canal

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25
Label (A)
Cortical, cancellous, trabeculae, mineralised matrix. osteon.
26
Label (B)
Articular cartilage, proximal epiphysis, spongey bone, epiphyseal line, metaphysis, diaphysis, compact bone, medullary cavity, yellow marrow, periosteum, nutrient artery.
27
What kind of bones are formed by intramembranous ossification?
Flat bones of skull, clavicle and mandible.
28
What is the starting substance for intramembranous ossification?
Fibrous membranes
29
What is the process of intramembranous ossification?
- Condensation of mesenchymal cells which differentiates into osteoblasts forming ossification centre. - Secreted osteoid traps osteoblasts to become osteocytes - Trabecular matrix and periosteum form - Compact bone develops superficial to cancellous bone. Crowded blood vessels condense into red bone marrow.
30
What kind of bones are formed by endochondral ossification?
Long bones
31
What is the starting substance for endochondral ossification?
Hyaline cartilage
32
What is the process of endochondral ossification?
- Bone collar formation - Cavitation - Periosteal bud invasion - Diaphysis elongation - Epiphyseal ossification
33
Which takes longer; endochondral or intremembranous ossification?
Endochondral
34
What is the name of long bone lengthening?
Interstitial growth
35
What is the epiphyseal plate?
Zone of elongation in long bone tat contains hyaline cartilage.
36
What occurs on the epiphyseal side of the plate?
Hyaline cartilage active and dividing to form hyaline cartilage matrix.
37
What occurs on the diaphyseal side of the plate?
Cartilage calcifies and dies, being replaced by bone.
38
What is appositional growth?
Deposition of bone beneath the periosteum to increase thickness.
39
What is the process of appositional growth?
- Ridges in periosteum create groove for blood vessels - Ridges fuse, forming an endosteum-lined tunnel - Osteoblasts in the endosteum build new concentric lamellae inward toward centre of tunnel, forming a new osteon. - Bone grows outwards as osteoblasts in periosteum build new circumferential lamellae. Osteon formation repeats as new periosteal ridges fold over blood vessel.
40
What is the effect of PTH on bone?
Increased calcium mobilisation
41
Where is PTH produced? What causes it to be produced?
Parathyroid gland | Decreased plasma Ca2+
42
In addition to bone where does PTH act and what effects does it have?
Kidneys: Increased reabsorption of calcium, excretion of phosphate and synthesis of 1,25 (OH)2D3 (Vitamin D). Vit D3 then causes the gut to absorb more phosphate and calcium.
43
What is produced when parafollicular cells of thyroid detect a increase in plasma Ca2+?
Calcitonin
44
What is the effect of calcitonin on bone?
Reduced osteoclast activity
45
Where else does calcitonin act? What effects does it have?
Kidneys | Increased Ca2+, PO43- and Na+ excretion
46
What is a tendon?
Connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bone.
47
What is the microstructure of tendons?
Parallel arrays of collagen fibres closely packed together. | Also small percentages of elastin, proteoglycans and inorganic components such as copper.
48
What are the functions of tendons?
To transmit muscle force to bones Store elastic energy Resist compressive stresses
49
What is the most abundant protein in the human body?
Collagen
50
What is the structure of collagen?
Rope like triple helix of three alpha polypeptide chains.
51
Where is type 1 collagen found?
Dermis, tendons, ligaments and bone
52
Where is type 2 collagen found?
Cartilage, vitreous body, nucleus pulposus
53
Where is type 3 collagen found?
Skin, vessel walls, reticular fibre of moist tissues (liver, lungs, spleen)
54
What is a ligament?
Connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.
55
What are the functions of ligaments?
Stability Proprioception Transmitting pain signals (via type c fibres)
56
What is the structure/composition of a ligament?
Made of collagen type 1 and 3, and fibroblast cells. With functional subunits that tighten or loosen depending on joint position. not densely innervated or vascularised.
57
What are the functions of cartilage?
Shock absorber Protects long bones at joints Structural component of ribs and IV discs
58
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline Fibrous Elastic
59
What is cartilage made up of?
Chondrocytes
60
What are the three classifications of joints in order of least flexible to most?
Fibrous (synarthrosis) Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) Synovial (diarthrosis)
61
Give 6 types of joints that are synovial and an example of each.
``` Plane e.g between tarsal bones Hinge e.g elbow Chondyloid e.g radiocarpal joint Pivot e.g between C1 and C2 vertebrae Saddle e.g between trapezium carpal bone and first metacarpal bone. Ball and socket e.g hip joint ```
62
Give 3 types of joints that are fibrous.
Sutures Syndesmosis Interosseous membrane
63
Give 2 types of joints that are cartilaginous.
Synchondroses | Symphyses
64
What is the function of synovial fluid?
To reduce friction in the joint during movement.
65
Greater joint stability means...
Less joint mobility
66
What does excessive ligament laxity lead to?
Hypermobility
67
What factors affect joint mobility?
Shape Ligaments Tendons Cartilage

BRS (5 decks)

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