MSK 1 Flashcards
Down syndrome comorbidities: Rheumatology →
Atlantoaxial instability
Atlantoaxial instability is due to___________
Excessive laxity in the posterior transverse ligament increases mobility between the atlas (C1) and the axis (C2).
Diagnosis of Atlantoaxial instability is confirmed with
lateral x-rays of the cervical spine in flexion, extension, and in a neutral position. Open-mouth x-rays can also be helpful in visualizing the odontoid.
Treatment of Atlantoaxial instability is
surgical fusion of C1 to C2.
Burning, numbness & aching of the distal plantar surface of the foot/toes:
Tarsal tunnel syndrome
due to Compression of the tibial nerve at the ankle
Morton neuroma presentation
○ Numbness or pain between the 3rd & 4th toes
○ Clicking sensation when palpating space between 3rd & 4th toes while squeezing the metatarsal joints
Achilles tendinopathy presentation
Burning pain or stiffness 2-6 cm above the posterior calcaneus
Plantar fasciitis presentation
- Plantar surface of the heel
- It usually worsens with the first steps in the morning, decreases with activity during the day, and often worsens again later in the day with prolonged weight bearing.
Complications of giant cell arteritis:
Blindness
Aortic aneurysm
Children should engage in _________ moderate to vigorous physical activity.
≥1 hour of daily
Isolated ↑ALP is seen in:
Paget disease
Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) __________ is the first-line treatment.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (eg, naproxen)
The treatment of choice for uncomplicated Polymyalgia rheumatica PMR is
low-dose prednisone 10-20 mg daily
Complications of Ankylosing spondylitis
Osteoporosis/vertebral fractures
Aortic regurgitation
Cauda equina syndrome
Tethered cord syndrome is commonly associated with __________
spina bifida
MANAGEMENT OF Subacute pain (4-12 weeks)
Chronic pain (>12 weeks)
- Intermittent use of NSAIDs or acetaminophen
- Exercise therapy (stretching/strengthening, aerobic)
- Consider: tricyclic antidepressants, duloxetine
MANAGEMENT OF Acute pain (<4 weeks)
○ Maintain moderate activity
○ NSAIDs or acetaminophen
○ Consider: muscle relaxants, spinal manipulation
Growing pains are bilateral, lower-extremity pains that occur at ______ in children age ______.
night
2-12 years
Treatment of Growing pains consists of _________
observation, parental reassurance, massage, and over-the-counter pain medications.
Decreased passive & active range of motion
Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder)
Hydroxychloroquine
Mechanism
Adverse effects
TNF & IL-1 suppressor
Retinopathy
Sulfasalazine
Mechanism
Adverse effects
TNF & IL-1 suppressor
Hepatotoxicity
Stomatitis
Hemolytic anemia
Paget disease mechanism
osteoclast dysfunction
