MSK 1 Flashcards
what is the Shaft (main portion of the bone) called
Diaphysis
Ends of the bone; usually larger in diameter than the shaft.
Epiphysis
Regions in a mature bone where the diaphysis joins the epiphysis, this is where the growth plate is located in the growing stage (Stops between 18-21 years).
Metaphysis
Hyaline cartilage attached to articular bone surfaces is called..
Articular cartilage
- reduces friction between bones during movement and helps to absorb shock.
Membrane that covers the bone; consists of connective tissue, osteoprogenitor cells, and osteoblasts; essential for bone growth, repair, and nutrition
Periosteum
The space within the diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow; also called “Marrow cavity”
Medullary cavity
The thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity.
Endosteum
The cells in which all connective tissue are formed.
Osteogenic cell
The only bone cells to undergo cell division - resulting cells develop into osteoblasts
Osteogenic cell
Bone cells found in the endosteum, the inner layer of the periosteum, and in the canals within bone that conatin blood vessels
Osteogenic cells
The bone building cells. They synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and organic components needed to build the extra cellular matrix of bone tissue, and initiate calcification.
Osteoblasts
Type of bone cells - maintain its daily metabolism, such as the exchange of nutrients and wastes with the blood.
Osteocytes
This bone cell functions in reabsorption (breakdown of extracellular bone matrix). also help regulate blood calcium levels.
osteoclast
Mature bone cells, main cell in bone tissue
osteocytes
Bone tissue found beneath the periosteum and provides protection, support and resists the stress produced by weight and movement.
Compact bone
Bone tissue located in the interior of the bone, protected by the compact bone. Supports and protects bone marrow
Spongy bone
This bone tissue consists of trabeculae where the red or yellow bone marrow are located, that contain numerous small blood vessels
spongy bone
which type of bone is classified by location
sutural
6 types of bone
sutural
long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid
Most bones in the limbs are long bones with the exception of
wrist, ankle and kneecap
Which type of bone is embedded in tendons. They act to hold the tendon further away from the joint.
2 examples of these bones
Sesamoid bones. patella and pisiform.
How many bones in the human body
206
Components of the axial skeleton
Skull
vertebral column
Hyoid
Auditory ossicles
Thorax
How many bones in the axial skeleton?
80
Components of the appendicular skeleton
Upper limbs
Lower limbs
Pectoral shoulder girdles
Pelvic girdles
How many bones in the appendicular skeleton
126
Bones in the skull (7)
Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital
Mandible
Maxilla
Zygomatic bone
what bone is this? Does not articulate with any other bone. It is suspended from the the styloid process of the temporal bones by ligaments and muscles. Located in the anterior of the neck, it supports the tongue.
Hyoid bone
how many bones are in the vertebral column
26
The five regions of the vertebral column and how many bones they contain
Cervical region (7)
Thoracic region (12)
Lumbar region (5)
sacral region (1) (5 fused)
coccygeal region (1) (4 fused)
What goes through the foramen magnum?
The spinal cord which connects with the medulla oblongata. Vertebral and spinal arteries as well as the accessory XI nerve.
The smallest part of the sternum, no ribs attach to it but abdominal muscles do.
Xiphoid process
Components of the pectoral girdle
Clavicle and Scapula.
Bones of the upper limbs
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
The pelvic bones unite anteriorly at a joint called the…
Pubic symphysis
The names of C1 and C2
Atlas and Axis
The 3 structural classification of joints
Synovial
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Point of contact between two bones, between
bones and cartilage, or between bone and teeth
Joints
Bones of the lower limbs
femur
patella
tibia
fibula
tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges
this bone articulates with every bone of the face except the mandible
maxilla
The internal surfaces of these cranial bones contain many protrusions and depressions that accommodate the blood vessels supplying the dura meter, the superior-ficial connective covering of the brain.
parietal bone
name of the round prominence at the end of a bone often part of the joint
Condyle
(2) Bone surface markings that form joints or allow passage of soft tissues
depression and openings
Projections or outgrowths that help form joints or serve as attachment points
processes
Tubercles, tuberositys
and condyles are all examples of what kind of surface markings
processes
3 functional classification of joints and their definitions (how much movement they allow)
Synarthrosis - an immovable joint
Amphiarthrosis - a slightly moveable joint
Diarthrosis - a freely moveable joint
“An immovable joint”, give the functional classification name and an example
Synarthrosis - sutures of the skull
“A slightly moveable joint” classification and an example
amphiarthrosis:
Interosseous membrane between tibia and fibula
“a freely moveable joint” functional classification and an example
Diarthrosis:
Synovial joints
the two types of cartilaginous joints
synchondroses and symphyses
surrounds joint, encloses synovial cavity, and unites articulating bones
articular capsule
Synovial fluid contains what type of cells which remove microbes and debris that result from normal wear and tear.
phagocytic cells
a viscous, clear or pale yellow fluid that forms thin film over the surfaces; it’s functions include reducing friction by lubricating the joint, absorbing shock, and supplying oxygen and nutrients to and removing carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from the chondrocytes within the cartliage
SYNOVIAL FLUID
5 main parts of a synovial joint
Articular cartilage
Articular capsule
Synovial fluid
Articular disc/Menisci
accessory ligaments
accessory ligaments of synovial joints can be either ______ or _________
Intracapsular and extracapsular
This structure usually subdivides a cavity into two separate spaces allowing separate movements to occur in each space. It also allows two bones to fit more tightly, maintain stability of joint, and direct flow of synovial fluid to areas of greatest friction
Menisci/articular disc
6 different kinds of synovial joints
Hinge
Pivot
Saddle
ball and socket
condyloid
Planar or gliding
what kind of synovial joint is this? give an example.
The convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another; produce an angular, opening-and-closing motion
Hinge joint
ie elbow, knee
what kind of synovial joint is this? give an example.
articulating surfaces are flat or slightly curved; permit side-to-side and back-and-forth gliding movements.
Planar/ gliding joint
inter carpal joints
sternoclavicular
what kind of synovial joint is this? give an example.
rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by a ligament.
pivot joint
Atlanto-axial joint (allows you to shake head “no”)
Sac-like structure strategically situated to alleviate friction in some joints
bursa
Tubelike bursa that wraps around certain tendons that experience friction as they pass through tunnels formed by connective
tissue and bone.
tendon sheath
the visceral layer of a tendon sheath is attached to the ____ and the parietal layer is attached to the _____
tendon
bone
Dense regular connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.
ligaments
Connect muscle to bone
tendon
These ligaments are responsible for providing sideways stability of the knee by holding the bones together.
medial (tibial) and lateral (fibular) collateral ligaments
the medial collateral ligament attaches to…
the femur and tibia
the lateral collateral ligament of the knee attaches to…
the femur and fibula
these ligament control the forward and backward movements of the knee joint. Also help proprioception
anterior and posterior cruciate ligament
what are the three lateral collateral ligaments of the ankle we learnt
anterior talofibular ligament
posterior talofibular ligament
calcaneofibular ligament
This ligament acts to prevent the foot and ankle from turning outwards excessively.
deltoid ligament
Supports the medial side of the ankle, it attaches the medial malleolus to multiple tarsal bones.
deltoid ligament
This ligament has a high incidence of sprain because it is the first of the three LCL of the ankle to undergo stress when the ankle is inverted
Anterior talofibular ligament
Stronger of the 3 lateral ligaments of the ankle
posterior talofibular ligament
3 types of muscle tissues
smooth
cardiac
skeletal
4 functions of muscles
- Produces body movements
- Stabilizes body positions
- Storing and moving substances within the body
- Generating heat (Thermogenesis)
The four properties of muscle tissues
- Electrical Excitability
- Contractility
- Extensibility
- Elasticity
rectus, transverse, oblique are all examples of
directions
The attachment of a muscles tendon to the stationary bone is called the
origin
The attachment of the muscle’s other tendon to the moveable bone is called the
insertion
a dense sheet or broad band of irregular connective tissue that lines the body wall and limbs and supports and surrounds muscles and other organs of the body
fascia
holds muscles with similar functions together
fascia
