MSD 1,2

Question 1

Public health

Answer 1

the science & art of preventing disease, prolonging life, & promoting health through the organized efforts & informed choices of society, organizations, public & private communities, and individuals.

Example: Public health campaigns promoting vaccination programs.

Question 2

Prevention

Answer 2

measures applied even in the absence of a disease to prevent its occurrence or its complications.

Example: Regular exercise as a preventive measure for heart disease.

Question 3

Control

Answer 3

various measures that prevent and contain the spread of infectious diseases.

Example: Quarantine measures during a disease outbreak.

Question 4

Primary prevention

Answer 4

intervening before health effects occur, through measures such as vaccinations or altering risky behaviors and banning substances known to be associated with a disease or health condition.

Example: Childhood immunization programs.

Question 5

Secondary prevention

Answer 5

screening to identify diseases in the earliest stages, before the onset of signs & symptoms, through measures such as mammography & regular BP testing.

Example: Routine cancer screenings.

Question 6

Tertiary prevention

Answer 6

managing disease post diagnosis to slow or stop disease progression through measures such as chemotherapy, rehabilitation after stroke, & screening for complications.

Example: Cardiac rehabilitation programs.

Question 7

Population-based strategy

Answer 7

interventions that aim to reduce everyone’s risk across society.

Example: National anti-smoking campaigns.

Question 8

High-risk strategy

Answer 8

interventions to identify individuals at high risk of disease & educate them about their risk & supporting them to take steps to reduce it.

Example: Genetic counseling for hereditary diseases.

Question 9

Rose theorem

Answer 9

exposure of a large number of people at a smaller risk may cause far more cases than exposure of a small number of people to a higher risk.

Example: Population-wide vaccination programs.

Question 10

Prevention paradox

Answer 10

a preventive measure that brings large benefits to the community offers little to each participating individual.

Example: Community-wide water fluoridation.

Question 11

Isolation

Answer 11

separation of persons who have specific infectious disease from those who are healthy & restriction of their movement to stop the spread of that disease.

Example: Isolating individuals with tuberculosis.

Question 12

Quarantine

Answer 12

separation & restriction of movement of persons or animals who, while not yet ill, have been exposed to an infectious agent.

Example: Quarantine measures for travelers during a pandemic.

Question 13

Incubation

Answer 13

the time elapsed between exposure to a pathogenic organism & when signs & symptoms 1st appear.

Example: Incubation period of the common cold virus.

Question 14

Elimination

Answer 14

reduction of case transmission to a predetermined very low level OR disappearance of clinical forms of the disease while the agent may be present.

Example: Elimination of smallpox through vaccination programs.

Question 15

Efficacy

Answer 15

the extent to which an intervention produces a benefit under ideal conditions ‘clinical trial’.

Example: Efficacy of a new drug in controlled laboratory settings.

Question 16

Effectiveness

Answer 16

the extent to which an intervention produces a benefit when used in the community.

Example: Effectiveness of a public health campaign in reducing smoking rates.

Question 17

Efficiency

Answer 17

the relationship of the cost (money, resources, & time) to the benefit an intervention produces.

Example: Efficiency of a preventive health program in reducing hospital admissions.

Question 18

Epidemiology triad

Answer 18

disease is a result of forces w/in a dynamic system consisting of infectious agent, host, environment.

Example: Analysis of the epidemiology triad in studying disease outbreaks.

Question 19

Preventive medicine

Answer 19

practice of promoting health care to improve patient well-being & ultimately prevent disease, disability, and death.

Example: Preventive medicine programs in community health centers.

Question 20

Counseling

Answer 20

educating patients about consequences of personal health behavior & working in a collaborative manner on strategies for identifying & managing potential risk factors.

Example: Counseling patients on smoking cessation strategies.

Question 21

Risk assessment in clinical setting

Answer 21

collection of info about risk factors during the history, physical, and laboratory examination to determine which preventive services are indicated & which deserve priority.

Example: Conducting risk assessments for cardiovascular diseases in primary care settings.