MSCI 11 Quiz 2 Flashcards
Ch 5-7
what is communication
apprehension?
when people hesitate to communicate because they are shy or have low-self esteem
what is filtering?
when sender manipulates info so that it is seen as more favourable to the receiver
what is selective perception?
receivers in communication process selectively sees and hears parts of the message
what is information overload?
when info we work with exceeds our ability to process it
what is nonverbal communication?
ambiguous or mean different things for different people with cultural backgrounds
what is language in communication barriers?
words having different meanings to different people
what is silence in communication barriers?
mean different things and can be detrimental
- non-interest
- lack of information
what is effective listening behaviours?
- eye contact
- affirmative head nods
- appropriate facial expressions
- paying attention to nonverbal cues body language
- paraphrasing
- making sure not to interrupt the speaker
- smooth transitions between roles of speaker and listener
a-ok sign in different countries
- U.S. and Canada friendly ok
- Australia an dIslamic countries flipping off sign
v sign in different countries
In England means up yours
finger-beckoning sign in different countries
- U.S. and Canada come here
- Malaysia only for animals
- Australia and Indonesia beckons ladies
what are high-context cultures?
in countries like china, korea, japan, vietnam poeple rely on nonverbal and subtle situational cues when communicating. status, place in society and reputation matter, what’s not said is more significant than what is said. managers are more likely to make
suggestions
what are low-context cultures?
in countries like europe, north america people rely on spoken and written words where body language and formal titles are secondary. it is where managers give orders
in the communication process model, what is a channel?
mode of communication
- face-to-face talk
- message
- phone call
what are the parts of the communication process?
- sender
- encoding
- message
- channel
- decoding
- receiver
- noise
- feedback
process of the communication process
initiate sending a message by encoding a thought. message is physical product of encoding. channel is medium in which message travels through. receiver collects message and then decodes message. noise represents all the communication barriers and feedback checks how successful have been transferring out message as originally intended
what are formal channels?
by organizations and transmit messages related to professional actvities of members. traditionally follow authority within organization
what is informal channels?
spontaneous, emerge from response to individual choices.
what is communication apprehension?
anxiety, tension, about oral communication or written communication.
what is channel richness?
amount of info that can be transmitted during a communicative episode. capacity to convey info
- face-to-face communication scores highest in this section
- formal reports & bulletins ranks the lowest
what are small-group networks?
each network is effective depending on each dependent variable
have different types
- chain
- all-channel
- wheel
what is the chain in small-group networks?
communication occurs rigidly, one after another
what is the wheel in small-group networks?
relies on leader for central conduit for all group communications
what is all-channel in small-group networks?
permits group members to actively communicate with one another
which is the fasted of the three small group networks?
wheel and all-channel
who gives most power to one position in small-group networks?
wheel
what is the most democratic from the small-group networks?
all-channel
what is communication through symbols?
symbols have meaning for something, and when they are ambiguous they can mean more than one thing
- tree - encode - symbol - decode - tree
- vase - encode - symbol - decode - vase/face
what is cross-cultural communication?
assuming differences until proven different, emphasize descriptions rather than interpretation. listen carefully, empathetic to other’s viewpoint. mutual respect, common group for effective communication, and keep common goals in mind
what is team?
small number of people with skills to commit to a common purpose
- share leadership
- develop own purpose or mission
- work on problem solving rather than scheduled meeting times
- measure effectiveness is outcomes and goals not individual outcomes and goals
why teams are popular?
teams outperform individuals when task requires multiple skills, judgement and experience
types of teams?
problem-solving
self-managed
cross-functional
virtual teams
what is a problem-solving team?
made up of 5 to 12 who meet for few hours to discuss ways to improve quality, efficiency of work environments
what is a self-managed team?
10 to 15 employees perform highly related jobs and take many responsibilities of their managers, including planing, scheduling, assigning tasks to members
what is a cross-functional team?
employees from same hierarchical level, effective by allowing people from diverse areas within organization to exchange information.takes time to build
trust among those with varying backgrounds
what is a virtual team?
computer tech dispersed members to achieve common goal. using communication links. suffer because of isolation, however by communicating effectively shows they are better at
sharing unique info
what is role expectation?
how others believe person should act in a given situation
what is role conflict
when individual finds complying with one role is more difficult to
comply with.
what is role ambiguity
when person is unclear about expectations of their role
what is role overload
when the expected of a person far exceeds what they are capable of doing
what is role underload
when little is expected of someone, feeling like they are not contributing to the group
how are norms developed through explicit statements made from a group member?
instructions from group supervisor establishes norms.
how are norms developed through critical events in group’s history?
set precedents. when bystander injured from a machine, their are constant monitors and checkups made to ensure that no one else gets close to the machine
how are norms developed through primacy?
first behavioural pattern that emerges in group frequently sets team expectations
how are norms developed from carry-over behaviours from past situations?
members bring expectations with them from other groups, in which they belong. thus groups prefer to add new members similar to current ones. increase probability that expectations bring are consistent with those already held in the group
how do norms facilitate group’s survival?
seek to enforce any norm which increases chances for success. groups try to protect themselves from interference from other groups/individuals
how do norms increase predictability of group members’ behaviours?
anticipate one other’s actions, and prepare for appropriate responses
how do norms reduce embarrassing interpersonal problems for group members?
ensure satisfaction of members and prevent as much interpersonal discomfort as possible.
how do norms allow members to express central values of group and clarify what is distinctive about group’s identity
encourage expression of group’s values and distinctive identity to help solidify and maintain group
what is conformity in terms of the impact it has on individual member’s?
desire for acceptance by group, so susceptible to conform to group’s norms. evidence shows group can place strong pressures on individual members to change attitudes and behaviours
what is part of the five-stage model?
forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning
can move in different stages at different speeds. may not experience many conflicts in certain cases.
some can move back and forth.
some teams may never grow out of storming phase.
what is forming?
deal of uncertainty about team’s purpose, structure, leadership, testing waters to determine what types of behaviour are acceptable
what is storming?
power struggles may emerge, some people don’t get along. accepting existence of team, resist constraints team imposes on individuality, and conflict over who controls team
may not be able to perform well
what is norming?
resolving interpersonal conflict and reach stage where close relationships develop, cohesiveness. strong sense of team identity and is complete when team structure soldifies
what is performing?
some just seem to come together, where significant task progress and points to fully functional and
accepted
what is adjourning?
prepare for disbandment, high task performance is no longer needed.attention directed towards wrapping up activities
what happens in the punctuated-equilibrium model?
first meeting sets group’s direction. first phase of group activity is one in inertia. transition takes place where group used half of allocated time. initiates major changes, second phase of inertia follows transition, last meeting characterized by markedly accelerated activity
what is phase 1 of punctuated-equilibrium model?
recognize first meeting sets teams direction/plan the teams norm, framework of behavioural patterns and is a period of inertia, low state as not susceptible of acting on new insights. not much going on at team level, individual work going on.
what is transition in punctuated-equilibrium model
takes place at end of phase 1, occurs roughly when group used half of its time.
initiates major change.
what is phase 2 of punctuated-equilibrium model?
where members execute plans made from phase 1. concentrated burst of changes dropping old patterns and adopting new perspectives
what are the characteristics of an effective team
clear purpose, informality, participation, listening, civilized disagreement, consensus decisions, open communication, clear rules and work assignments, shared leadership, external relations, style diversity, self-assessment
what is part of the model of team effectiveness?
context, composition, and process
what are the four contextual factors that are more significant in team performance
adequate resources, leadership and structure, climate of trust, performance evaluation and rewards
what adequate resources?
scarcity of resources reduces ability to perform job effectively
what is leadership and structure?
playing crucial role in development and success of teams. empower teams and delegate responsibilities to them
what is the climate of trust?
feeling that they are capable of getting task done. bonds around members and more likely to take risks
what is performance evaluation and rewards
rewards with positive outcomes, recognize individuals for exceptional contributions. without trust, preferred individual-based rewards
what variables lead to better team composition?
skills, personality of members, allocation of roles, diversity of members, size of the team
what personality traits work better in teams?
big five specify that higher rates of conscientiousness and openness perform better.
- oriented to problem-solving
- managing team performance
- promote positive team environment
- facilitate task conflict
- promote perspective
what are the roles that teams need?
build task accomplishment
- initiation
- seek info
- clarifying
- summarizing
maintain team
- harmonizing
- gatekeeping
- encouraging
what are task-oriented roles
ensure tasks are accomplished, initiators, info seekers, summarizers
what are maintenance roles
ensure group maintains good relations, harmonizers, compromisers, encourages
what is group diversity
heterogeneous mix of individuals, different only in functional characteristics
what is organizational demography
attribute age or date of joining help predict turnover, communication increased
what is social loafing
tendency to expend less effort working in a group than individually
how is reflexivity shown in effective teams?
they reflect on and adjust master plan when necessary
how do successful teams pursue their specific goals?
making specific, measurable, realistic goals, leading to higher performance
what can help teams build their efficacy?
cohesiveness, degree to which members are emotionally attracted to one another and are motivated to stay on team
what creates moderate productivity?
high performance norms & low cohesiveness. low performance norms & low cohesiveness.
what creates high productivity?
high cohesiveness & high performance norms
what creates low productivity?
low performance norms and high cohesiveness
what are mental models?
key elements within team’s environment
how does cultural diversity affect team performance?
can interfere with team process in short term, but can be an asset for tasks which require variety of viewpoints
how is teamwork in canada?
shows high levels of teamwork, in regards tot he US where there is a lower level of teamwork
what is a variable-pay program?
bases portion of pay and fluctuates up and down with performance
what is piece-rate pay plan
compensate employees with fixed sum for each unit that is completed. pure piece-rate plan, has no base salary and pays only for what he/she produces
what is merit-based pay plan?
pay individual performance based on performance ratings. lets individuals perceive strong relationship with performance an rewards
what is annual bonus?
compensation for many jobs, only rewards recent performance. when economy is bad, firms cut bonuses to reduce compensation costs. (can happen unevenly)
what is skill-based pay?
pay levels on basis of how many skills employees have, how many jobs they can do. related to higher levels of individual skills.
what is gainsharing?
improvements in group productivity from one period to another, determines total amount of money shared
what is profit-sharing
distribute compensation based on established design around company’s profitability. can distribute direct cash outlays of stock options.
what is employee stock ownership plan (ESOP)
benefit plan, where employees acquire stock as part of benefit. gives right to buy stocks in company at later date with guaranteed price.
what are flexible benefits
individualize rewards allow employee to choose compensation package that satisfies their current needs
what are modular plans
predesigned package of benefits with each module put together to meet needs of specific group
what are core-plus plans
essential benefits, and other benefit options that employees can select
what are flexible spending accounts?
set aside pretax dollars to dollar amount offered in plan and pay for particular benefits (eye care, dental premiums)
