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Prelims second sem > MS DISORDERS AFFECTING THE THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLAND > Flashcards

MS DISORDERS AFFECTING THE THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLAND Flashcards

1
Q

regulates the levels of PTH, with rising blood calcium levels inhibiting further release of PTH.

A

Negative feedback mechanism

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2
Q

● Occurs when a product of a reaction leads to an increase in that reaction
● moves a system further away from the target of equilibrium
ex. blood clot

A

Positive Feedback Mechanism

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3
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland

A
  1. Growth Hormone
  2. Prolactin
  3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ACHT
  4. Thyroid stimulating Hormone TSH
  5. Thyroxine T4 & Triiodothyronine T3
  6. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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4
Q

● tissue growth
● metabolize fats
● promote protein synthesis
● enhancing fat metabolism of energy

A
  1. Growth Hormone
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5
Q

● stimulates milk secretion in the breast
● stimulates adrenal cortex to manufacture and secret adrenocortical hormones

A
  1. Prolactin
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6
Q

● control general metabolic process
● stimulates thyroid gland synthesis and secret thyroid hormone
● controls carbohydrate metabolism

A
  1. Thyroid stimulating Hormone TSH
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7
Q

● gonadotropic hormone

A
  1. Thyroxine T4 & Triiodothyronine T3
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8
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland

A

OXYTOCIN
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)

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9
Q

● contraction of the uterus , stimulates milk ejection

A

Oxytocin

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10
Q

● promotes water retention

A

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)

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11
Q

● small butterfly shaped, located at front of the neck
● part if endocrine system and controls many of your body important function by producing and releasing (secretion) certain hormone

A

THYROID GLAND

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12
Q

● 4 small glands embedded in the posterior aspect of thyroid gland
● main function is the production of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

PARATHYROID GLAND

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13
Q

Raise blood calcium level in the body

A

Calcitonin

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14
Q

● outer region and also the largest part of adrenal gland
-Glucocorticoids
-Mineralocorticoids
-Aldosterone

A

ADRENAL GLANDS

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15
Q

● the inner part of an adrenal gland, controls hormones that initiate the fight or flight response
● Catecholamines
(Epi and Norepi)

A
  1. Adrenal Medulla
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16
Q

● clusters of pancreatic cells discovered by Dr. Paul _____
● Islands of endocrine cells scattered throughout the pancreas
● Control blood glucose level given that the brain and central nervous system are reliant on glucose as their major metabolic fuel

A

ISLET OF LANGERHANS

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17
Q

● 20% of islet cells
● produces glucagon

A

ALPHA

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18
Q

● Hypersecretion of thyroid hormones
● incidence is higher in females
● below 40 yrs of age
● common cause incGrave’s Disease also known as toxic diffuse goite
● It is primarily associated with severe emotional stress
● Secondary with autoimmune disorders

A

HYPERTHYROIDISM

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18
Q

● 70% of islet cells
● secrets insulin

A

BETA

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19
Q

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

A

● T3 and T4 levels
● Protein Bound Iodine (PBI)
● Radioactive I Reuptake (RAUI)
● Thyroid Scan (Radioisotope)
● Fine Needle Biopsy (FNB) / FINE Needle Aspiration Therapy (FNAB)

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20
Q

● enlargement of the thyroid gland
● due to increased amount of TSH
● associated either hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism or euthyroidism (normal secretion of Thyroid gland)

A

GOITER

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21
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION (hyperthyroidism)

A

● Increased metabolic rate (hypersecretion of T3)
● Increased body heat production ( hyper secretion of T4)
● Hypocalcemia (Hyper secretion of Thyrocalcitonin)

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22
Q

● protrusion of the eyeballs. caused by accumulation of fluid at the fat pads behind the eyeballs pushing the eyeballs forward
● this may cause corneal ulceration

A

EXOPHTHALMOS

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23
Q

● Long and deep palpebral fissure us still evident when looked down

A

VON GRAFE’S SIGN (LID LAG

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24
Q

● The forehead remains smooth when one looks up

A

JOFFROY’S SIGNS

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25
Q

● bright eyed stated and infrequent blinking

A

DALRYMPLE’S SIGN (THYROID STARE)

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26
Q

● Manifested by warm, flushed, sweaty skin and thickened , hyper pigmented skin of the pretibial area (front of the tibia)

A

DERMOPATHY

27
Q

● Everything is high, fast, and wet
● Eye Manifestations

A

HYPERTHYROIDISM

28
Q

PHARMACOTHERAPY : Anti Thyroid Meds

A

IODINES
THIOMIDES
● Tapazole (Methimazole)
Beta Blocker (-OLOL)
● Inderal (Propanolol)
GLUCOCORTICOIDS

29
Q

○ fine tremors tachycardia

A

HYPERTHYROIDISM

30
Q

○ Restlessness, nervoussness irritability agitation

A

HYPERTHYROIDISM

31
Q

○ hypertension

A

HYPERTHYROIDISM

32
Q

○ diarphoresis

A

HYPERTHYROIDISM

33
Q

○ Increased appetite to eat

A

HYPERTHYROIDISM

34
Q

○ heat intolerance

A

HYPERTHYROIDISM

35
Q

○ Diarrhea

A

HYPERTHYROIDISM

36
Q

● Administer thyroid meds with milk (Hyperthyroidism)

A

true

36
Q

● Advise to consult physician before eating iodine salt and iodine rich foods (Hyperthyroidism)

A

true

36
Q

○ Fine Silky hair

A

HYPERTHYROIDISM

37
Q

○ Pliable nails

A

HYPERTHYROIDISM

38
Q

● High fever
● Agitation
● Delirium

A

Signs and Symptoms of thyroid storm

39
Q

● underactive thyroid gland

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

40
Q

Caused by -Autoimmune disorders
Radioactive Iodine Therapy
● Antithyroid drugs

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

41
Q

● Everything is low slow and dry

A

Hypothyroidism

42
Q

● Decreased metabolic rate

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

43
Q

● Decreased body heat product

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

44
Q

● Hypercalcemia

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

45
Q

● Slowed mental reaction dull , expressions cold intolerance generalized puffiness and edema around the eyes and face apathy, lethargy , fatigue

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

46
Q

● anorexia

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

47
Q

● obesity

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

48
Q

● bradycardia

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

49
Q

● constipation

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

50
Q

● coarse, dry sparse hair weakness, muscle aches , paresthesia

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

51
Q

● dry skin brittle nails

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

52
Q

DRUG OF CHOICE (Hypothyroidism)

A

● Synthroid (Levothyroxine) - DOC

53
Q

Diet for hypothyroidism

A

● Diet: low calorie , low cholesterol , low saturated fat

54
Q

Diet for hyperthyroidism

A

● Provide high-calorie diet
● Low fiber-diet

55
Q

foods that can inhibit thyroid secretion

A

○ strawberries, peaches, pears, cabbage,turnips, spinach , cauliflower, radish , peas

56
Q

● extreme stage of hypothyroidism
● All vitals are profoundly depressed potentially fatal

A

MYXEDEMA COMA

57
Q

● enlargement of one or more parathyroid glands causes overproduction of the parathyroid hormone

A

HYPERPARATHYROIDISM

58
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION Hyperparathyroidism

A

● Hypercalcemia
● Hypohosphatemia
● Fatigue and muscle weakness
● Skeletal pain and muscle weakness
● Bone deformities
● Anorexia
● Epigastric pain
● Weight loss
● Constipation
● Hypertension
● Cardiac dysrhythmia

59
Q

SURGICAL INTERVENTION for Hyperparathyroidism

A

PARATHYROIDECTOMY (● removal of 1 or more parathyroid glands)

60
Q

● happens when I or more of your parathyroid glands are not active enough
● lower level of calcium in the blood. most common cause of injury is injury or removal of 4 parathyroid glands

A

HYPOPARATHYROIDISM

61
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS (Hypoparathyroidism)

A

● Hypocalcemia
● Hyperphosphatemia
● Tetany

62
Q

● Cardiac Dysrhythmia
● Carpopedal spasm
● Muscle kr abdominal cramps
● Numb and tingling of face
● (+) Chvostek’s sign
● (+) Trousseau’s sign
● Seizure
● Photophobia
● Wheezing and dyspnea

A

SIGNS OF TETANY

Prelims second sem (14 decks)

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