MS DISORDERS AFFECTING THE THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLAND Flashcards
regulates the levels of PTH, with rising blood calcium levels inhibiting further release of PTH.
Negative feedback mechanism
● Occurs when a product of a reaction leads to an increase in that reaction
● moves a system further away from the target of equilibrium
ex. blood clot
Positive Feedback Mechanism
Anterior Pituitary Gland
- Growth Hormone
- Prolactin
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ACHT
- Thyroid stimulating Hormone TSH
- Thyroxine T4 & Triiodothyronine T3
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
● tissue growth
● metabolize fats
● promote protein synthesis
● enhancing fat metabolism of energy
- Growth Hormone
● stimulates milk secretion in the breast
● stimulates adrenal cortex to manufacture and secret adrenocortical hormones
- Prolactin
● control general metabolic process
● stimulates thyroid gland synthesis and secret thyroid hormone
● controls carbohydrate metabolism
- Thyroid stimulating Hormone TSH
● gonadotropic hormone
- Thyroxine T4 & Triiodothyronine T3
Posterior Pituitary Gland
OXYTOCIN
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
● contraction of the uterus , stimulates milk ejection
Oxytocin
● promotes water retention
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
● small butterfly shaped, located at front of the neck
● part if endocrine system and controls many of your body important function by producing and releasing (secretion) certain hormone
THYROID GLAND
● 4 small glands embedded in the posterior aspect of thyroid gland
● main function is the production of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
PARATHYROID GLAND
Raise blood calcium level in the body
Calcitonin
● outer region and also the largest part of adrenal gland
-Glucocorticoids
-Mineralocorticoids
-Aldosterone
ADRENAL GLANDS
● the inner part of an adrenal gland, controls hormones that initiate the fight or flight response
● Catecholamines
(Epi and Norepi)
- Adrenal Medulla
● clusters of pancreatic cells discovered by Dr. Paul _____
● Islands of endocrine cells scattered throughout the pancreas
● Control blood glucose level given that the brain and central nervous system are reliant on glucose as their major metabolic fuel
ISLET OF LANGERHANS
● 20% of islet cells
● produces glucagon
ALPHA
● Hypersecretion of thyroid hormones
● incidence is higher in females
● below 40 yrs of age
● common cause incGrave’s Disease also known as toxic diffuse goite
● It is primarily associated with severe emotional stress
● Secondary with autoimmune disorders
HYPERTHYROIDISM
● 70% of islet cells
● secrets insulin
BETA
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
● T3 and T4 levels
● Protein Bound Iodine (PBI)
● Radioactive I Reuptake (RAUI)
● Thyroid Scan (Radioisotope)
● Fine Needle Biopsy (FNB) / FINE Needle Aspiration Therapy (FNAB)
● enlargement of the thyroid gland
● due to increased amount of TSH
● associated either hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism or euthyroidism (normal secretion of Thyroid gland)
GOITER
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION (hyperthyroidism)
● Increased metabolic rate (hypersecretion of T3)
● Increased body heat production ( hyper secretion of T4)
● Hypocalcemia (Hyper secretion of Thyrocalcitonin)
● protrusion of the eyeballs. caused by accumulation of fluid at the fat pads behind the eyeballs pushing the eyeballs forward
● this may cause corneal ulceration
EXOPHTHALMOS
● Long and deep palpebral fissure us still evident when looked down
VON GRAFE’S SIGN (LID LAG
● The forehead remains smooth when one looks up
JOFFROY’S SIGNS
● bright eyed stated and infrequent blinking
DALRYMPLE’S SIGN (THYROID STARE)
● Manifested by warm, flushed, sweaty skin and thickened , hyper pigmented skin of the pretibial area (front of the tibia)
DERMOPATHY
● Everything is high, fast, and wet
● Eye Manifestations
HYPERTHYROIDISM
PHARMACOTHERAPY : Anti Thyroid Meds
IODINES
THIOMIDES
● Tapazole (Methimazole)
Beta Blocker (-OLOL)
● Inderal (Propanolol)
GLUCOCORTICOIDS
○ fine tremors tachycardia
HYPERTHYROIDISM
○ Restlessness, nervoussness irritability agitation
HYPERTHYROIDISM
○ hypertension
HYPERTHYROIDISM
○ diarphoresis
HYPERTHYROIDISM
○ Increased appetite to eat
HYPERTHYROIDISM
○ heat intolerance
HYPERTHYROIDISM
○ Diarrhea
HYPERTHYROIDISM
● Administer thyroid meds with milk (Hyperthyroidism)
true
● Advise to consult physician before eating iodine salt and iodine rich foods (Hyperthyroidism)
true
○ Fine Silky hair
HYPERTHYROIDISM
○ Pliable nails
HYPERTHYROIDISM
● High fever
● Agitation
● Delirium
Signs and Symptoms of thyroid storm
● underactive thyroid gland
HYPOTHYROIDISM
Caused by -Autoimmune disorders
Radioactive Iodine Therapy
● Antithyroid drugs
HYPOTHYROIDISM
● Everything is low slow and dry
Hypothyroidism
● Decreased metabolic rate
HYPOTHYROIDISM
● Decreased body heat product
HYPOTHYROIDISM
● Hypercalcemia
HYPOTHYROIDISM
● Slowed mental reaction dull , expressions cold intolerance generalized puffiness and edema around the eyes and face apathy, lethargy , fatigue
HYPOTHYROIDISM
● anorexia
HYPOTHYROIDISM
● obesity
HYPOTHYROIDISM
● bradycardia
HYPOTHYROIDISM
● constipation
HYPOTHYROIDISM
● coarse, dry sparse hair weakness, muscle aches , paresthesia
HYPOTHYROIDISM
● dry skin brittle nails
HYPOTHYROIDISM
DRUG OF CHOICE (Hypothyroidism)
● Synthroid (Levothyroxine) - DOC
Diet for hypothyroidism
● Diet: low calorie , low cholesterol , low saturated fat
Diet for hyperthyroidism
● Provide high-calorie diet
● Low fiber-diet
foods that can inhibit thyroid secretion
○ strawberries, peaches, pears, cabbage,turnips, spinach , cauliflower, radish , peas
● extreme stage of hypothyroidism
● All vitals are profoundly depressed potentially fatal
MYXEDEMA COMA
● enlargement of one or more parathyroid glands causes overproduction of the parathyroid hormone
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION Hyperparathyroidism
● Hypercalcemia
● Hypohosphatemia
● Fatigue and muscle weakness
● Skeletal pain and muscle weakness
● Bone deformities
● Anorexia
● Epigastric pain
● Weight loss
● Constipation
● Hypertension
● Cardiac dysrhythmia
SURGICAL INTERVENTION for Hyperparathyroidism
PARATHYROIDECTOMY (● removal of 1 or more parathyroid glands)
● happens when I or more of your parathyroid glands are not active enough
● lower level of calcium in the blood. most common cause of injury is injury or removal of 4 parathyroid glands
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS (Hypoparathyroidism)
● Hypocalcemia
● Hyperphosphatemia
● Tetany
● Cardiac Dysrhythmia
● Carpopedal spasm
● Muscle kr abdominal cramps
● Numb and tingling of face
● (+) Chvostek’s sign
● (+) Trousseau’s sign
● Seizure
● Photophobia
● Wheezing and dyspnea
SIGNS OF TETANY
