MS and integumentary

Question 1

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 1

Low ionized Ca—
PTH—
increase ca but increasing osteoclast

Question 2

Calcitonin

Answer 2

regulate serum ca levels

decrease osteoclast activity
lower serum ca level

Question 3

VIT D

Answer 3

vit D2 and 3 must be converted to different form by:
liver
kindeys

Question 4

estrogen

Answer 4

reduces:
cell number
activity of osteoclase

Question 5

compartment syndrome

Answer 5

decrease in size or increase in volume within muscle compartment

leads to injury and potential death of muscle and nerve cells

Question 6

osteomyelitis

Answer 6

bone infection

Question 7

osteonecrosis

Answer 7

death of a segment of bone due to:
ischemia

*administration of corticosteroids, bisphosphanates (SE cause necrosis)

Question 8

bone tumors

Answer 8

benign most common

malignant

Question 9

metabolic bone disease
osteoporosis

Answer 9

loss of bone mineralization
lead to increased porosity

loss of concellous (inner, spongy) bone and thinning of cortical (outer, compact) bone

Question 10

metabolic bone disease
osteoporosis

protective factor
preceded
classes

Answer 10

protective factor is weight bearing exercise

preceded by osteopenia (low bone mass than expected)

classes of presentation of osteoporosis:

postmenopausal
age-related
secondary (due to other issues)
premature osteoporosis (young female athletes)

Question 11

metabolic bone disease
osteoporosis
clinical manifestations

Answer 11

fx hip, radius
compression fx of vetebrae
back hump
decrease height

Question 12

metabolic bone disease
osteomalacia and rickets

Answer 12

inadequare mineralization of bone (softening)

does not involve actual loss of bone mass only softening

pathogenesis:
dietary absorption def. (ca, vitd, phos)
resistance to action of vit d
renal losses of phos

called rickets if childhood onset (adult=osteomalacia)

Question 13

rheumatic disorders

Answer 13

disorder of joints

arthritis is inflammation of joints

case models:
systemic lupus erythematosis
rheumatoid arthritis
osteoarthritis
gout

Question 14

rheumatic disorders

systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE)

Answer 14

type 3 immune hypersensitivity response:

autoimmune complexes traveling blood cause inflammatory changes in parts of body:

*joints, muscles, bone, blood
*skin (butterfly rash)
*glomerulus of kidneys (damaged)
*lungs
*heart

damage to glmerulus from immune complexes lead to CKD

Question 15

rheumatic disorders

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Answer 15

systemic inflmmatory disorder:
autoantibodies attack joint tissue

rheumatoid factor: autoantibody identified in blood

patho: destruction to joint

pannus: abnormal granulation tissue that form in joints

rheumatoid nodulaes

also affects: lung, heart, kidneys, BV, eyes (inflammaition)

Question 16

rheumatic disorders

osteoarthritis

Answer 16

degenerative joint disease

associated with wear and tear over time

inflammation and pain is localized

tx: surgical joint replacement

Question 17

rheumatic disorders

Gout

Answer 17

increased blood levels of uric acid with formation of uric acid crystals that deposit in the joints:

tx: drugs that lower uric acid levels

nodules called: tophi

Question 18

inflammtory disorders of the skin
Acute inflammation

Answer 18

atopic contact dermatitis:
alletgic reaction

urticaria (hives):
acute immune reaction
(1st exposure nothing but 2nd we get a reaction)

Question 19

inflammtory disorders of the skin
chronic inflmmatory processes

Answer 19

acne vulgaris

rosacea: red rosey nose

psoriasis (plaque on elbow)

eczema

Question 20

skin cancer

Answer 20

basal cell carcinoma:
most common
slow growing

squamous cell carcinoma:
2nd most common
sun exposure increased risk
can inter lymph and metastasize

malignant melanome:
most life threatening
melanocytes form
rapidly progressive (aysmetry, irregular borders, different colors, diameter change)