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patho 300 exam 2 > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

Malabsorption vs maldigestion

A

malabsorption:
not getting across and absorbing

maldigestion:
not broken down enough to be absorbed

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2
Q

hematemesis

A

blood in the emesis (coming from stomach)

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3
Q

hematochezia

A

bright red stools

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4
Q

melena

A

black tarry stools

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5
Q

occult bleeding

A

stools look normal

breakdown products of blood in stool
*positive Guaiac test indicates occult GI bleeding

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6
Q

Gastric fluid

A

high in H+ and K+

share transport pump:
H+ pumped out into stomach
K+ pumped out stomach

K+ is contantly leaking out back into stomach

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7
Q

gastric fluid losses

A

loss of H+ and K+

metabolic alkalosis
hypokalemia

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8
Q

GI and potassium

A

hyperkalemia:
increase in GI motility

hypo:
decrease

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9
Q

GI and calcium

A

hypercalciemia:
decrease GI motility

hypo:
increase GI motility

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10
Q

osmotic diarrhea

A

unabsorbable osmoles within the lumen

ex: lactose intolerance
*eat something you can absorb and it has osmoles that draw fluid

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11
Q

secretory diarrhea

A

inflammatory or infectious processes

ex: viral, bacterial infection

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12
Q

effects of diarrhea on electrolyte balance

A

small intestine — ph (8.0) alkalosis

K+ and HCO3 normally absorbed

rapid transit times in diarrhea = loss of K+ and HCO3:
*metabolic acidosis
*hypokalemia

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13
Q

ischemia of the bowel
cause
end result

A

anything that causes decrease blood flow to GI

bowel ischemia leads to inflammation:

*necrosis:

perforation of the bowel (hole) and
peritonitis (hole causes infection)

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14
Q

intestinal obstruction
leads to

A

vomiting (push back up)
distention (pushes out)
ischemia (occluded vessels)
gas and fluid accumulation

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15
Q

causes of intestinal obstruction

A

paralytic ileus

congenital defects of the GI

scarring of bowel

tumors

hernias
volvulus
intussusception

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16
Q

intestinal obstruction causes

paralytic ileus

A

electrolyte imbalance

drugs (narcotics)

bowel ischemia

abdominal infection

post-op abdominal surgery

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17
Q

causes of intestinal obstruction

scarring of bowel

A

adhesions (outside bowel)
*scar outside tube causes obstruction

strictures (inside bowel)
*scar narrows inside of bowel

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18
Q

causes of intestinal obstruction

hernias

A

bowel moved where it shouldnt have

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19
Q

cause of intestinal obstruction

volvulus

A

twisting of bowel

*emergency

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20
Q

cause of intestinal obstruction

intussusception

A

small bowel telescopes into large bowel
(happens where they meet)

21
Q

alterations in esophageal function

dysphagia

A

difficulty with swallowing

mechanical: tumor, born with it

functional: stroke, issue with signal

22
Q

alteration in esophageal function

esophagitis

esophageal cancer

gastroesophageal reflux

A

esophagitis:
*reflux of gastric secretions into esophgus

esophageal cancer

gastroesophageal reflux:
*backward movement of gastric contents into the esophagus

23
Q

alterations in esophageal function

hiatal hernia

A

protrusion of part of stomach upwards into the thorax

Sliding hiatal hernia: can slide up and down

24
Q

alterations in gastric function

gastritis

stress ulcers

A

inflammation of the stomach

stress ulcers: acute ulcers
*stress conditions activate SNS
*shunts blood away from the GI tract
*acid in stomach irritates mucus and causes stress ulcers

25
Q

alterations in gastric function

peptic ulcer disease

A

chronic ulcers:

duodenal ulcers (pain after eating)

gastric ulcers (pain before eating)

26
Q

alterations in gastric function

cancer of the stomach (nothing)

pyloric obstruction

A

pyloric obstruction:

*between stomach and intestines

classic sign: projectile vomiting

27
Q

alterations in intestinal function

acute inflammatory disorders

A

gastroenteritis: inflammation of stomach and intest

appendicitis

diverticular disease:
*diverticulitis: acute infl.
*diverticulosis: chronic

peritonitis

28
Q

peritonitis

A

inflammation/hole within peritoneal cavity

caused by bowel perforation

life-threatining infection

29
Q

alteratuons in intestinal function

chronic inflammatory diorders

A

ulcerative clotitis:
ulceration in colon

crohns disease:
small and large intestines
*spots with inflammation and spots that are normal
**called skip lesions

30
Q

alteration in intestinal function

colorectal cancer

A

preceds with a premaligant polyp

31
Q

altered function of gall bladder

cholecystitis

cholelithiasis

cancer of the gallbladder

A

cholecystitis: inflammation of GB

cholelithiasis: gall stones
*high fat diet
*rapid weight loss

32
Q

altered function of exocrine pancreas

A

secrete stuff out (digestive function)

cystic fibrosis:
*AR ch 7
*defective chloride channel
*thickened mucus/secretions
*happens in pancreatic ducts (cant function right)

33
Q

altered function of the exocrine pancreas

pancreatitis
Acute v chronic
Blood markers

cancer of the pancreas

A

pancreatitis:

acute vs chronic
(alcohol consumption)
*acute pancreatitis = pseudocyst

increase lipase and amylase = pancreatitis blood marker

34
Q

primary function of the liver

A

produces proteins: albumin and clot factors

breaks down proteins

synthesis of bile

produce proteins for immunoglobulin synthesis

breakdown drugs (biotransformation of chemicals)

metabolism of steroid hormones (androgens, estrogens)

35
Q

structure and function of liver

A

lobes—lobules—hepatocytes

perfusion:

*bring blood to liver
-hepatic artery
-portal vein

*taking blood from the liver to the IVC
-hepatic vein

36
Q

components of the liver lobule

A

hepatocytes

venous sinusoids:
drain into central veins out hepatic vein to IVC

Bile cannaliculi:
drain into bile duct

Kupffer cells:
immune phagocytic cells

37
Q

Jaundic

A

deposits of bilirubin
*hyperbilirubinemia

bilirubine is a breakdown product of hemoglobin

2 forms of bilirubin:

unconjugated bilirubin
conjugated bilirubin

38
Q

unconjugated vs conjugated bilirubin

A

unconjuated bilirubin:
*lipid soluble
*requires protein transport to travel thru plasma

conjugated bilirubin:
*joined with glucuronic acid in the hepatocytes of the liver turing it into a water soluble

39
Q

lab studies for hyperbilirubinemia

A

total bilirubin:
*unconjugated bilirubin
*conjugated bilirubin

total protein and albumin

other molecules competing for transport proteins

40
Q

causes of hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice

A

prehepatic:
hemolytic jaundic (excessive RBC destruction)

intrahepatic:
obstruction within the liver

extrahepatic obstructive jaundice:
obstruction in the bile ducts outside of liver

41
Q

hepatic dysfunction

impaired protein metabolism

A

decrease protein production

related lab:
total protein
albumin
ammonia
coagulation profile:
*prothrombin time (INR)
*partial prothromboplastin time
*fibrinogen
*fibrin split and d dimer

42
Q

other manifestations of liver dysfunction

A

altered carb and fat metabolism and storage

accumulation of toxins, hormones

impaired immune defenses

liver related enzyme released into the blood:
ALT, AST, LDH, alkaline phosphatase

43
Q

portal hypertension

what it is

complications

A

increased BP in portal venous system

complications:
*splenomegaly (spleen holds more fluid)

*varices (varicose veins)
-esophageal varices (massive blood loss)
-rectal varices (hemorrhoids)

*acites

44
Q

ascities

A

third space

portal HTN with liver disease, ascited resukts from combination of:
↑ capillary hydrostatic pressure
↓capillary colloid osmotic pressure

45
Q

viral hepatitis

A

hep A:
*spread by fecal-oral transmission (daycares)

Hep B and C:
*spread by blood and body secretions
(can track by serology)

Hep D and E:
*less common

46
Q

disorders of the liver:

cirrhosis of the liver

A

fibrotic scarring of the liver

primary cause of HTN

47
Q

disorders of the liver

alcohol-induced liver disease

A

alcoholic steatosis:
fatty liver

alcoholic hepatisis:
inflammation of the liver

alcoholic cirrhosis:
permanent fibrotic scarring of the liver

48
Q

disorder of the liver

cancer of the liver

A

primary cancer: inflammation and necrosis

common site for metastasis too:
gets cancer from other organs

patho 300 exam 2 (6 decks)

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