Chapter 60 Flashcards
Inability to coordinate muscle movements, resulting in difficulty in walking, talking, and performing self-care activities.
Ataxia
A major transmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system
Acetylcholine
illusion of mlovement in which the individual or the surroundings are sensed as moving
vertigo
the site of the hunger center and is involved in appetite control
hypothalamus
reflex center for respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, coughing, vomiting, swallowing, sneezing
Medulla
An acute, confused state that begins with disorientation and if not recognized and treated early can progress to changes in level of consciousness, irreversible brain damage, and sometimes death.
Delirium
Descending tracts that conducts impulses involved with involuntary muscle movement
Rubrospinal and Reticulospinal Tracts
act primarily as a relay station for all sensation except smell
Thalami/Thalamus
awareness of the position of parts of the body without looking at them (synonym: proprioception)
position (postural) sense
Cranial nerves in Pons
Cranial V, VI, VII, and VIII
Transmission of information from one side of the brain to the other
corpus collosum
Regulate the activities of internal organs such as heart, lungs, blood vessels, digestive organs and glands
Autonomic Nervous System
CSF color and specific gravity
Clear & 1.007
a neurotransmitter that affects behavior (attention, emotions) and fine movements
dopamine
Brain Stem consist of
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla
neuron composed of?
Dendrites, cell body, and axon
Cranial nerves in Midbrain
Cranial III and IV
Ascending tracts that conducts sensory impulses from muscle spindles
anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts
Descending tracts that conducts impulses responsible for voluntary head and facial muscle movement
Corticobulbar Tract
the central nervous system consists of?
Brain and spinal cord
Function of frontal lobe
concentration, abstract thought information, information storage, memory and motor function. Affect, judgement, personality and inhibition
Descending tracts that is involved in some autonomic functions (sweating, pupil dilation, circulation)
3 vestibulospinal tracts
Blockage of the flow of CSF anywhere in the ventricular system
Obstructive Hydrocephalus
the function of the nervous system if to?
Control motor, sensory, autonomic, cognitive, and behavioral actiivities
Three major extensions of the dura
Falx cerebri,Tentorium, Falx Cerebelli
increase in muscle tone at rest charaacterized by increased resistance to passive stretch
rigidity
Abnormal movement marked by alternating contraction and relaxation of the muscle occurring in rapid succession
Clonus
Cranial nerves in Medulla
Cranial IX, X, XI, XII
major transmitter of the sympathetic nervous system
norepinephrine
It is a tough, thick, inelastic and gray
Dura Mater
An automatic response to stimuli
reflex
action of enkephalin, endorphin
excitatory
Helps regulate respiration
Pons
Excess pressure occurs in the cranial cavity, brain tissue may be compressed
Herniation
action of serotonin
inhibitory
responsible for control of fine motor movements
Basal Ganglia
neurotransmitters are manufactured and stored in
synaptic vesicles
Cranial Nerve 1 and 2 are located in
Cerebrum
Function of Temporal Lobe
auditory receptive areas, memory sound, understanding language and music
what is the action of acetylcholine
usually excitatory; parasympathetic effects sometimes inhibitory (stimulation of heart by vagal nerve)
helps control mood and sleep, inhibits pain pathways
Serotonin
sustained increase in tension of a muscle when it is passively lengthened or stretched
spasticity
Function of Parietal Lobe
analyses sensory information. Awareness of body position in space, size and shape
Where does CSF produced?
Choroid Plexus
some axons have a _____ _____ that increases speed of conduction.
myelinated sheath
responsible for arousal and the sleep-wake cycle
reticular formation
what are the two major parts of the nervous system?
central nervous system & peripheral nervous system
effects mood and overall activity
norepinephrine
The brain is divided into 3 major areas:
Cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem
Regulates the sleep-wake cycle, blood pressure, aggressive and sexual behavior and emotional responses
Hypothalamus
Neurotransmitters are released into the
synapse
Innermost, thin, transparent layer that hugs the brain closely
Pia mater
nerve cell bodies occuring in clusters are called
ganglia or nuclei
how many descending tracts?
8
a neurotransmitters can either be ___ or _____ activity of the target cell
excite or inhibit
action of gamma-aminobutyric acid
inhibitory
Wrinkled appearance that is result to many folded layers or convolutions
Gyri
division of the autonomic nervous system with predominantly excitatory responses (synonym: the fight or flight” system)
sympathetic nervous system
a neurotransmitter that is responsible for pleasurable sensation, inhibits pain tlransmission
enkephalin, endorphin
How many ascending tracts
6 ascending tracts
Loss of ability to recognize objects through a particular sensory system: may be visual, auditory, or tactile.
Agnosia
serves as the center for auditory and visual reflexes
midbrain
displaying lack of muscle tone limp,, floppy
flaccidity
Control fine movement, balance, and position (postural) sense
Cerebellum
parkinson’s disease develops from decreased availability of ____
dopamine
test for cerebellar dysfunction that can be done with the patient seated or standing; inability to maintain position for 20 seconds is a positive test
Romberg test
Ascending tracts that conduct sensation of deep touch, pressure, vibration, position, passive motion from the same side of the body
Fasciculus cuneatus and Gracilis (Posterior Columns)
action of norepinephrine
usually excitatory
_______communicate messages from one neuron to another or from a neuron to a target cell
neurotransmitters
Portion of the neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body
Axon
Portion of the neuron that conducts impulses toward the cell body
Dendrite
Ascending tracts that is responsible for conduction of pain, temperature, proprioception, fine touch, vibratory sense from upper body to brain
anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts
are branch type structures for receiving electrochemical messages
dendrites
Function of Occipital Lobe
Visual interpretation and memory
what is the basic functional unit of the brain?
Neuron
action of dopamine
inhibitory
A reflex action of the toes; In adults is indicative of abnormalities in the motor control pathways leading from the cerebral cortex.
Babinski reflec (sign)
the peripheral nervous system includes the?
Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and autonomic nervous system
division of the autonomic nervous system active primarily during nonstressful conditions, controlling mostly visceral functions
parasympathetic nervous system
Descending tracts that conduct motor impulses to the anterior horn cells
anterior and lateral corticospinal tracts
a cluster of cell bodies with the same function is called a
center
Weight of the brain
1200g-1400g
a thick collection of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain
Corpus Callosum
Neurons are supported, protected, and nourished by
glial cells
A type of cranial nerve that
