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histopath > ms > Flashcards

ms Flashcards

1
Q

View cellular constituents, cytoplasmic, and
anuclear staining

A

Histological staining

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2
Q

issue constituents and general
relationship between cells and tissues are demonstrated
within sections by the direct interactions with dye or staining solutions and tissue sections.

A

Histological staining

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3
Q

various constituents of the tissue
are studied through chemical reactions that permits
microscopic localization of specific tissue substance.

A

Histochemical staining –

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4
Q

Chemical components are stained (protein, glycogen,
enzymes, DNA, RNA, calcium

A

Histochemical staining

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5
Q

involves a combination
of immunologic and histochemical techniques, used in wide
range of polyclonal or monoconal labeled antibodies
(enzymes and fluorescent dyes)

A

Immunohistochemical staining

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6
Q

o Tissue antigens and phenotypic markers

A

Immunohistochemical staining

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7
Q

Process of giving color to the sections by using aqueous
solutions and alcoholic solutions

A

Direct or Simple

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8
Q

Process whereby the action of the dye is intensified or
enhanced by the addition of mordant which serves as a
link or bridge between tissue and the dye to make staining
possible.

A

Indirect staining

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9
Q

Process whereby tissue is stained in a definite sequence,
and staining solution is applied for specific period of time
until the desired coloring of the tissue is attained.

A

Progressive staining

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10
Q

The tissue is first overstained to obliterate the cellular
details and the excess stain is decolorized from unwanted
parts of the tissue, until the desired intensity of the color is
attained.

A

Regressive

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11
Q

Uses specific dyes which differentiate particular
substances by staining them with a color that is
differentiate from itself. (metachromasia).

A

Metachromatic staining

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12
Q

Process where specific tissue elements are demonstrated
not by stains, but by colorless solutions of metabollic salts
which are thereby reduced by the tissue or bacteria.

A

Metallic impregnation

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13
Q

refers to living cells or tissue constituents

A

Vital
* Process of selective staining of living cells const demonstrating cytoplasmic structures by phagocytosis of the dye particle or by staining of pre-existing cellular components like mitochondria.

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14
Q

Process of selective staining of living cells constituents,
demonstrating cytoplasmic structures by phagocytosis of
the dye particle or by staining of pre-existing cellular
components like mitochondria.

A

Vital Staining

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15
Q

intraviotal staining example

A
  • Lithium - Carmine - India ink
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16
Q

– staining of a living cell through injecting
the dye into any part of the body (intravenous,
subcutaneous, intraperitonial)

A

Intravital

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17
Q

– living cells have been removed from the
organism, dye is introduced not by injecting. We
introduced the dye by entering it into the body and let
the stain enters the living cells (reticulocyte staining).

A

Supravital

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18
Q

stain for supravital

A
  • Methylene blue - Brilliant cresyl blue
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19
Q

it determines dye binding; there are stains that are
acidic, basic, and neutral.

A

pH

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20
Q

may increase or decrease binding because it has
a tendency that competes with the dye in its binding site

A

Salts

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21
Q

– it can alter staining character of the tissue.

A

Chemical groups in the tissue (e.g., amino group –
formaldehyde)

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22
Q

Factors affecting dye binding

A
  • pH – it determines dye binding; there are stains that are
    acidic, basic, and neutral.
  • Temperature – increase in temperature also increases the
    rate of staining.
  • Concentration of the dye – more concentration, more
    binding.
  • Salts – it may increase or decrease binding because it has
    a tendency that competes with the dye in its binding site.
  • Chemical groups in the tissue (e.g., amino group –
    formaldehyde) – it can alter staining character of the tissue. `
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23
Q

Obtained from plants and animals previously utilized of
dyeing wool and cotton

A

Natural dyes

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24
Q

Hematoxylin was derived from a mexican tree called

A

“hematoxylin campechianum”

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25
Q

o – derived from a valve; “coccus cacti”

A

Cochineal dyes

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26
Q

extracted from linchens

A

Orcein dyes

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27
Q

Natural dyes
example

A

o Hematoxylin –
o Cochineal dyes
o Orcein dyes –

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28
Q

manufactured from substances taken from
coal.

A

“Coal tar dyes”

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29
Q

Synthetic dyes

A

o Acidic – acid fushin, picric acid, TCA
o Basic – methylene blue
o Neutral – Romanowsky dye, Giemsa, Irishman’s

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30
Q

acidic dyes

A

acid fushin, picric acid, TCA

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31
Q

basic

A

– methylene blue

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32
Q

Neutral d

A

Romanowsky dye, Giemsa, Irishman’s

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33
Q

Staining solution most commonly used for routine
histologic studies.

A

Hematoxylin

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34
Q
  • _____is not a true basic dye, ____ is the true basic dye.
A

Hematoxylin is not a true basic dye, hematin is the true basic dye.

35
Q

oxidation process in hematoxylin, in order to
obtain the dye component (hematin).

A

Ripening

36
Q
  • The most commonly used staining is called
A

H&E

37
Q

Can add mordants
hemtoxylin

A

(aluminum and iron)

38
Q
  • Aluminum hematoxylin
A

o Cole’s hematoxylin
o Harris’ hematoxylin
o Ehrlich’s hematoxylin
o Mayer’s hematoxylin

39
Q

Iron hematoxylin

A

o Weigert’s
o Heidenhain’s
o Phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin

40
Q

causes the mordant
dye-lake to reform in the tissue and become more
permanent

A

Alkaline pH of the bluing solution c

41
Q
  • Stains connective tissue and cytoplasm
A

Eosin.

Types

o Eosin Y – yellow, most common
o Eosin B – erythrosine B
o Eosin S – alcohol soluble

42
Q

Romanowsky stains
is based on

A

Based on a combination of eosinate (chemically reduced
eosin) and methylene blue.

43
Q
  • All are used to examine blood or bone marrow samples
A

Romanowsky stains

44
Q

All are also suited to examination of blood to detect blood
borne parasites like malaria

A

Romanowsky stains

45
Q

demonstration of connective tissue

A

Acid fuchsin-picric acid (Van Gieson’s Stain)

46
Q

) – discriminates dead and
living cells; DNA (green); RNA (red); differentiate nuclear
material

A

Acridine orange (Masson Stain

47
Q

demonstration of calcium salt deposits
and phosphate activities

A

Acridine red 3B

48
Q

– water soluble phthalocyanin dye; for
connective tissue and epithelial mucin

A

Alcian blue

49
Q

cytoplasmic stain; for counterstaining of
epithelial section

A

Aniline blue

50
Q

– component of the modified acid fast stain;
plasma stain; for staining of acid fast organisms, for
mitochondria, for differentiation of smooth muscles

A

Basic fuchsin

51
Q

for staining haemoglobin

A

benizidine

52
Q

– used as counterstain for gram’s
technique, for acid fast, for papanicolau method; used for
staining diphtheria organism

A

Bismarch brown

53
Q

sed as chromatin stain for fresh materials in
smear preparations; combined with aluminium chloride to
stain glycogen

A

carmine

54
Q

used for routine staining of fixed sections;
resistant to strong acids; good nuclear stain

A

Celestine blue

55
Q

best known as pH indicator; stains elastic
tissues, amyloid, myelin

A

Congo red

56
Q

– nuclear or chromatin stain; stains amyloid
in frozen sections, platelets in blood

A

Crystal violet

57
Q

used for staining blood to differentiate
WBCs; blood parasites (pH 7.2-7.4)

A

Giemsa stain –

58
Q

– stain used for metallic impregnation;
made up of golf chloride and mercuric chloride

A

Gold sublimate

59
Q

oldest stain; stains amyloid, cellulose, starch,
carotenes, glycogen; gram’s iodine (stain’s microorganisms
and fibrin in tissue sections); lugol’s iodine (used as test for
glycogen, amyloid and corpora amylacea or parasites

A

Iodine

60
Q

for demonstrating mitochondria during
intravital staining

A

Janus green B

61
Q

counterstain for ascaris eggs,
erythrocytes and bacterial spore stain; used as a
decolorizer and counterstain

A

Malachite green

62
Q

– stains plasma cells, cytological
examination of sputum for malignant cells; diagnosis of
diphtheria, vital staining of nervous tissue

A

Methylene blue

63
Q

– for demonstration of cell granules and
vacuoles of phagocytic cells

A

Neutral red

64
Q

– stains elastic fibers; recommended for
dermatological studies; demonstrates finest and most
delicate fibers in the skin

A

Orcein

65
Q
  • – used to stain fat (black)
A

Osmium tetroxide

66
Q

counterstain for acid fuchsin, connective
tissues (Van Gieson’s stain)

A

Picric acid –

67
Q

– stain for iron
J

A
  • Prussian blue
68
Q

fluorescent dye; used with osmic acid to fix
and stain blood and glandular tissues

A

Rhodamine B –

69
Q

– used for identification of spirochetes,
reticulin fiber stain

A

Silver nitrate

70
Q

– used as nuclear stain in fixed tissues;
stains Nissl granules or chromophilic bodies;
metachromatic stain

A

Toluidine blue

71
Q

ost sensitive of the oil soluble dyes;
greater affinity for phospholipids and neutral fats (TAG)

A

sudan black b

72
Q

– most commonly used; stains
neutrzal fats but not phospholipids

A

Sudan IV (scharlach R)

73
Q

– 1st sudan dye; stains CNS tissue

A

o Sudan III

74
Q

Oil soluble dyes

A

o Sudan black B
o Sudan IV (scharlach R)
o Sudan III

75
Q
  • Carbohydrate stains
A

o PAS (periodic acid Schiff)
o PAS with diastase (glycogen demonstration)
o Best carmine
o Langan’s iodine

76
Q

ang haba wtf

A
77
Q

Bacteria

A
  • Gram’s method - Gram twart stain - Brown and brenn - Ziehl neelsen
78
Q

Fungal

A

o Fungal - Groccot methenamine silver

79
Q

o Viral stains

A
  • Lendrum’s phloxine tartrazine method - Orcein method (hepatitis B surface antigen)
80
Q

Protozoan stain -

A

Dilute giemsa

81
Q

Aqueous media:

A

water, glycerine, farrant’s
medium, apathy’s medium, brun’s fluid

82
Q

Resinous media: ex:

A

Canada balsam, DPX, XAM,
clarite

83
Q

Substance which can be smeared onto the slides so that the
sections stick well to the slides

A

Adhesives

histopath (2 decks)

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