Mrts 1310 exam 1 Flashcards
Characteristics of mass media
Audience, time, display and distribution, distance, and storage
Disruptive technologies
Disruptive technologies- a technology that displaces an existing technology or a product that creates a new industry (Television disrupted radio, movies, live theater, and live sporting events)
Early forms of communication
Cave Paintings, pictograms, Petroglyphs,
Evolution of communication technologies and the inventors
Telegraph and morse code-Samuel Morse
Telephone- Alexander Graham Bell
Radio Telegraphy- Guglielmo Marconi
Government control of the media
Federal Communications Commission has different rules for direct broadcast satellite (abc, fox, nbc, cbs), cable, and internet subscriptions
Horizontal and vertical integration
- Horizontal- when one company expands its business to help its supply/distribution chain ( disney owning ABC, touchstone pictures, lucasfilm, and the MCU
- Vertical- when one company tries to gain audience share and revenue by increasing the number of outlets (disney owning lifetime, FX, history channel, National Geographic)
Marketplace of ideas principle
Marketplace of ideas- an environment free of censorship, people choose from a variety of ideas and opinions from various sources of information
Media literacy
The ability to access, analyze, evaluate and create media in a variety of forms
Models associated with communication and their limitations
- Schramm Mass Communication Model-There is an opportunity for feedback to the message originator, but the feedback is delayed and not explicit
- Shannon and Weaver Model- Noise can interfere with the message; the model doesn’t tap into the face to face aspect
Scarcity principle
Scarcity principle- Electronic media may be regulated by the government due to this
Self-righting principle
Self righting principle- society can make adjustments and put itself on the right path if citizens have many ideas and opinions from which to choose- truth will win out over lies in a free and responsible society
Synchronous and Asynchronous communications
Sync.- no delay between transmissions
Async.- delay between transmissions
Three effects of media on human behavior
Cognitive, Emotional, Behavioral
Alan Freed
A popular DJ
Chain broadcasting
Interconnecting of radio stations (radio stations playing the same thing at the same time
David Sarnoff and his role in broadcasting
- David Sarnoff, a Russian immigrant in new york, operated the telegraph and picked up the Titanic destress call. He stayed on duty for 72 hours
coordinating rescue and reporting to the media
* He would later found NBC
Early Inventors and Innovators and inventions
Morse- the telegraph/morse code; Hertz- broadcasting; Maxwell- electromagnetic waves
Edward R. Murrow
Edward R. Murrow revolutionized news when he put himself at risk and reported from the rooftops of London during the London Blitz. Murrow went with the troops on bombing runs and was with them when they liberated a concentration camp
Effects on broadcasting during World War II
Audiences flocked to their radios to learn news of the war and to hear shows to help take their minds off world events. This was the ‘golden age’ of radio.
First commercial radio station
KDKA
First station to air a commercial, what was the commercial for
WEAF; 15 minute real estate ad
FM Radio
FM radio was developed and debuted in 1935, but didn’t really take off until FM stereo was approved in 1961. Starting in the 1960s, Congress required new cars to be equipped with FM radios, which helped FM become popular.
Internet radio
- In late 1990’s Listeners could use computers, tablets, and smartphones to access station content
- New netcasters included pandora and spotify
Radio Act of 1912
- Licensing of radio operations used for interstate commerce
- Licensed operators must be US citizens
- The US Secretary of Commerce and Labor issues the licenses and have jurisdiction over commercial radio in the US
- Ships are required to be equipped to send out a distress signal at any time
- All ships must monitor distress frequencies continuously
Radio Act of 1927
- Created the Federal Radio Commission
- Issued station licenses
- Redesigned the use of the electromagnetic spectrum
- Assigned frequencies
- Regulated stations and networks
- Mandated that stations operate in the “public interest, convenience, and necessity
Satellite radio
Sends signal to cars and homes equipped with satellite receivers. Sirius and XM merged in 2008
Terrestrial radio
Traditional over the air radio is limited by how far the signal can go
The Communications Act of 1934
- Regulated all radio and related services
- Addressed substandard radio programming
- Equal opportunity for political candidate’s use of airwaves
- In effect until new regulations were passed in 1966
4k, 8k
A tv having over 4000 pixels. It offers better clarity and is more colors
Affiliate-network agreement
- Clearance
- Station compensation
- Right of refusal
American presidents and firsts on TV
Franklin Roosevelt; Eisenhower
CATV
Community Antenna Television; An antenna was placed on top of a mountain to being in signals from distant stations nad a wire was extended into town. Eventually, this became a business as the wire connected houses and business to the antenna and to television
Color TV and system types
- Mechanical color wheel
○ Produced audio and visual noise
○ Not compatible with the black and white TVs already in peoples homes- RCAS color system
○ Compatible with the tvs already in peoples home
○ Supported by the FCC
- RCAS color system
Desilu Productions Innovations
- Moved TV Production to Los Angeles
- Multi-camera production
- Shoot TV on film
Digital TV
June 12, 2009; The industry was slow to utilize the new technology, even thought there was consumer interest in HDTV
Early TV inventors/inventions/innovators
b.f.z
- John Logie Baird’s
○ mechanical scanning - Philo T. Farnsworth
○ Electronic scanning - Vladimir Zworykin
- Iconoscope
First cable channels
CBS and NBC
First TV station
W2XF
Kinescopes and why they were used
A camera that would record another tv. It was much grainier and the sound was muffled much more than the original (film)
Must-carry rule
Cable systems are required to carry signals from all ‘significantly viewed stations in their market- they had to carry the locals over the out-of-market stations.
Sixth Report and Order
The document signed by the FCC that put an end to the television freeze that lasted for 4 years
Television’s ‘Golden Age’
1950’s
TV broadcasting in World War II
Most of the resources were pulled to the war effort, and people were not out at live events (movies, sports, eating out) bc they were at home watching tv; only 16 stations at this time
TV scanning systems
Mechanical and electrical
TV’s debut
Britain 1936
TVROs
Television receive only
Types of satellites used for communications
Geosynchrouns satellites
Middle-earth orbiters
Low- orbit satellites
VHF/UHF positives and negatives
UHF ( ultra high frequency) band tv to occupy 14-83 channels; which added to the VHF (very high frequency) band of channels 2-13
VOD
Allowing consumers to watch fav movies and shows at any time
- Why Maxwell was so important to future inventions that led to mass media
He published a set of equations that proved that light, electricity, and magnetism all came from the same force, what we call the electromagnetic force, thus figuring out the theory of electromagnetic waves,
produced the first color photograph in which he said “humans can only perceive 3 colors, red green and blue
