Mrs Williamson

Question 1

Proteins are made of:

Answer 1

Long chains of amino acids

Question 2

What is the monomer of a protein

Answer 2

Amino acids

Question 3

Polypeptide =

Answer 3

Two or more amino acids

Question 4

Proteins =

Answer 4

One of more polypeptides

Question 5

Protein structure 4 stages:

Answer 5

Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure

Question 6

What is the primary structure

Answer 6

String of amino acids
Type
Number
Sequence

Question 7

Secondary structure

Answer 7

Coil into alpha helix
OR
fold into beta pleated sheet

Question 8

Tertiary protein structure

Answer 8

Held together by:

• disulphide bridges
• ionic bonds
• hydrogen bonds

Question 9

Quaternary protein structure

Answer 9

Several polypeptide chains joint together

Question 10

4 examples of proteins

Answer 10

Enzymes
Antibodies
Transport proteins
Structural proteins

Question 11

Role of enzymes

Answer 11

1. Synthesise to make large molecules

2. Digestive enzymes

Question 12

Role of antibodies

Answer 12

Immune response

Question 13

Function of transport protein

Answer 13

In cell membrane

Transport molecules across membrane

Question 14

Function of structural protein

Answer 14

Strong

Found in hair and nails

Question 15

What is the test for protein called?

Answer 15

Biuret test

Question 16

What is the biuret test

Answer 16

1. Add drops of sodium hydroxide solution to make it alkaline
2. Add copper sulfate solution

If protein is present, it turns lilac

Question 17

In the biuret test why do you add hydroxide solution

Answer 17

To make it a alkaline

Question 18

Enzymes are…

Answer 18

Biological catalysts that speed up a chemical reaction without being used up

Question 19

What makes enzymes so unique

Answer 19

They have an active site which is determined by the tertiary structure

Question 20

What is the lock and key model

Answer 20

Enzymes have an active site which exactly fits the substrate.
This forms an enzyme-substrate complex

Question 21

What is the induced fit theory

Answer 21

Enzyme active site is similar to substrate

Active site changes slightly to fit substrate exact

Question 22

Four factors effecting enzyme activity:

Answer 22

Temperature
pH
Enzyme concentration
Substrate concentration

Question 23

How does temperature effect enzyme activity

Answer 23

More heat, more kinetic energy, more collisions

If to hot, enzyme may denature

Question 24

How does pH effect enzyme activity

Answer 24

Enzymes work best at optimum pH but can get denatured if too high

Question 25

How does enzyme concentration effect enzyme activity

Answer 25

More enzymes, more likely to collide | Until substrate runs out

Question 26

How does substrate concentration effect enzyme activity

Answer 26

More substrate, more collisions, faster rate | Until substrate runs out

Question 27

What are the two types of inhibitors

Answer 27

Competitive | Non competitive

Question 28

What is a competitive inhibitor

Answer 28

- similar shape to substrate molecules - bind to active site, so substrate can’t - no reaction takes place

Question 29

What is a non competitive inhibitor

Answer 29

- bind to enzyme away from active site - cause active are to change shape - substrate no longer fits

Question 30

Why does digestion occur

Answer 30

Large molecules are too big to cross cell membranes, therefore can’t be absorbed from gut into blood

Question 31

Polymers and broken down into molymers through...

Answer 31

Hydrolysis reaction (+ H2O)

Question 32

During hydrolysis carbohydrates are broken down into...

Answer 32

Disaccharides and then monosaccharides

Question 33

Amylase is a

Answer 33

Digestive enzyme

Question 34

Amylase is producers in the

Answer 34

Salivary glands and pancreas

Question 35

Starch (polysaccharide) turns into

Answer 35

Maltose (disaccharide) when broken down

Question 36

Lipids are broken down by

Answer 36

Lipase with the help of bile salts

Question 37

Lipids break down into

Answer 37

Monoglycerides and fatty acids

Question 38

Lipase is made in the

Answer 38

Small intestine

Question 39

Example of Endopeptides

Answer 39

Trypsin

Question 40

Example of exopeptidases

Answer 40

Dipeptidases

Question 41

Endopeptidases break down

Answer 41

Middle bonds

Question 42

Exopeptidases break down

Answer 42

End bonds

Question 43

Difference between diffusion and active transport

Answer 43

Active transport requires energy | Diffusion does not require energy

Question 44

What is the ileum

Answer 44

Bottom of the small intestine

Question 45

What is the lumen

Answer 45

Middle of the ileum

Question 46

What happens during active transport

Answer 46

Conc of glucose is too low to diffuse into the blood Sodium diffuses into epithelial cell Sodium then actively pumped out cell with glucose attached

Question 47

How are monosaccharides absorbed across cell membranes (2)

Answer 47

Glucose + Galactose absorbed by active transport proteins via co transport

Question 48

How are monosaccharides absorbed across cell membranes (1)

Answer 48

Fructose absorbed via facilitated diffusion through transport protein

Question 49

How are monoglycerides and fatty acids absorbed across cell membranes

Answer 49

Lipid soluble therefore diffuse directly across epithelial cell membrane

Question 50

How are Amino acids absorbed across cell membranes

Answer 50

Sodium diffuses into cell carrying amino acids | Sodium actively transports back out the cell

Question 51

How are carbs digested

Answer 51

Hydrolysis: | Break down into disaccharides then monosaccharides

Question 52

How are lipids digested?

Answer 52

Emulsification: Lipid + bile salts —> Lipase digestion —> monoglycerides + fatty acids

Question 53

How are proteins digested

Answer 53

Large molecules broken down into smaller molecules by digestive enzymes