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Biology > Mrs Williamson > Flashcards

Mrs Williamson Flashcards

1
Q

Proteins are made of:

A

Long chains of amino acids

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2
Q

What is the monomer of a protein

A

Amino acids

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3
Q

Polypeptide =

A

Two or more amino acids

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4
Q

Proteins =

A

One of more polypeptides

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5
Q

Protein structure 4 stages:

A

Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure

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6
Q

What is the primary structure

A

String of amino acids
Type
Number
Sequence

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7
Q

Secondary structure

A

Coil into alpha helix
OR
fold into beta pleated sheet

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8
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

Held together by:

  • disulphide bridges
  • ionic bonds
  • hydrogen bonds
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9
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A

Several polypeptide chains joint together

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10
Q

4 examples of proteins

A

Enzymes
Antibodies
Transport proteins
Structural proteins

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11
Q

Role of enzymes

A
  1. Synthesise to make large molecules

2. Digestive enzymes

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12
Q

Role of antibodies

A

Immune response

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13
Q

Function of transport protein

A

In cell membrane

Transport molecules across membrane

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14
Q

Function of structural protein

A

Strong

Found in hair and nails

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15
Q

What is the test for protein called?

A

Biuret test

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16
Q

What is the biuret test

A
  1. Add drops of sodium hydroxide solution to make it alkaline
  2. Add copper sulfate solution

If protein is present, it turns lilac

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17
Q

In the biuret test why do you add hydroxide solution

A

To make it a alkaline

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18
Q

Enzymes are…

A

Biological catalysts that speed up a chemical reaction without being used up

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19
Q

What makes enzymes so unique

A

They have an active site which is determined by the tertiary structure

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20
Q

What is the lock and key model

A

Enzymes have an active site which exactly fits the substrate.
This forms an enzyme-substrate complex

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21
Q

What is the induced fit theory

A

Enzyme active site is similar to substrate

Active site changes slightly to fit substrate exact

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22
Q

Four factors effecting enzyme activity:

A

Temperature
pH
Enzyme concentration
Substrate concentration

23
Q

How does temperature effect enzyme activity

A

More heat, more kinetic energy, more collisions

If to hot, enzyme may denature

24
Q

How does pH effect enzyme activity

A

Enzymes work best at optimum pH but can get denatured if too high

25
Q

How does enzyme concentration effect enzyme activity

A

More enzymes, more likely to collide

Until substrate runs out

26
Q

How does substrate concentration effect enzyme activity

A

More substrate, more collisions, faster rate

Until substrate runs out

27
Q

What are the two types of inhibitors

A

Competitive

Non competitive

28
Q

What is a competitive inhibitor

A
  • similar shape to substrate molecules
  • bind to active site, so substrate can’t
  • no reaction takes place
29
Q

What is a non competitive inhibitor

A
  • bind to enzyme away from active site
  • cause active are to change shape
  • substrate no longer fits
30
Q

Why does digestion occur

A

Large molecules are too big to cross cell membranes, therefore can’t be absorbed from gut into blood

31
Q

Polymers and broken down into molymers through…

A

Hydrolysis reaction (+ H2O)

32
Q

During hydrolysis carbohydrates are broken down into…

A

Disaccharides and then monosaccharides

33
Q

Amylase is a

A

Digestive enzyme

34
Q

Amylase is producers in the

A

Salivary glands and pancreas

35
Q

Starch (polysaccharide) turns into

A

Maltose (disaccharide) when broken down

36
Q

Lipids are broken down by

A

Lipase with the help of bile salts

37
Q

Lipids break down into

A

Monoglycerides and fatty acids

38
Q

Lipase is made in the

A

Small intestine

39
Q

Example of Endopeptides

A

Trypsin

40
Q

Example of exopeptidases

A

Dipeptidases

41
Q

Endopeptidases break down

A

Middle bonds

42
Q

Exopeptidases break down

A

End bonds

43
Q

Difference between diffusion and active transport

A

Active transport requires energy

Diffusion does not require energy

44
Q

What is the ileum

A

Bottom of the small intestine

45
Q

What is the lumen

A

Middle of the ileum

46
Q

What happens during active transport

A

Conc of glucose is too low to diffuse into the blood
Sodium diffuses into epithelial cell
Sodium then actively pumped out cell with glucose attached

47
Q

How are monosaccharides absorbed across cell membranes (2)

A

Glucose + Galactose absorbed by active transport proteins via co transport

48
Q

How are monosaccharides absorbed across cell membranes (1)

A

Fructose absorbed via facilitated diffusion through transport protein

49
Q

How are monoglycerides and fatty acids absorbed across cell membranes

A

Lipid soluble therefore diffuse directly across epithelial cell membrane

50
Q

How are Amino acids absorbed across cell membranes

A

Sodium diffuses into cell carrying amino acids

Sodium actively transports back out the cell

51
Q

How are carbs digested

A

Hydrolysis:

Break down into disaccharides then monosaccharides

52
Q

How are lipids digested?

A

Emulsification:
Lipid + bile salts —>
Lipase digestion —> monoglycerides + fatty acids

53
Q

How are proteins digested

A

Large molecules broken down into smaller molecules by digestive enzymes

Biology (4 decks)

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