Dr Wetherly Flashcards
What is homogenisation
Where the cells are broken up using a blender releasing organelles from a cell
What is a Detergent
Something that would damage proteins
What is a buffer
Stops pH from fluctuating
What is Ultracentrifugation
Where the fragments in the homogeniser are separated in a machine called a centrifuge
Why is the material kept cool during cell fractionation
To reduce enzyme activity that might break down the organelles
Why must the solution be isotonic in cell fractionation
To prevent osmotic in the cell
Osmotic =
Organelles bursting or shrinking
Why is the solution filtered in cell fractionation
To remove any debris
What are the 6 stages in the cell cycle
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
What happens in Interphase in the cell cycle:
Cell is replicating DNA
Can’t see chromosomes yet
What happens in Prophase in the cell cycle:
Chromosomes visible
Nuclear envelope and nucleolus disintegrated
What happens in Metaphase in the cell cycle:
Chromosomes line up in centre of cell
Spindles form
Spindles attract to chromosomes
What happens in Anaphase in the cell cycle:
Spindle fibres contrast
Chromosomes pulled to opposite side
What happens in Telophase in the cell cycle:
Nuclear envelope reforms around two sets of chromosomes
Nucleolus reforms
Spindles disintegrates
What happens in Cytokinesis in the cell cycle:
Cytoplasm divides
Cell divides
Two genetically identical cells
What are the four stages of mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cell surface plasma membrane:
Made of mainly lipids and protein
Regulates movement of substances in and out cell
Receptor molecules allow it to respond to chemicals
Nucleus
Control cell activity
Makes ribosomes
Nuclear envelope
Contains Chromatin
Nuclear envelope
Container pores allowing substances to move in and out
Mitochondria
Double membrane
Active and require energy
Site of aerobic respiration
Chloroplast
Two membranes
Site of photosynthesis
Grana made up of thylakoid
Golgi apparatus
Group of fluid filled flattened sack
Vesicles
Process and packages lipids
Makes lysosomes
Cell wall
Rigid
Stops cell changing shape
Made of cellulose
In fungi made of chittin
Golgi vesicle
Stores lipid and proteins
Lysosomes
Contain digestive enzymes called lysosomes
Digest invading or worn out cells
Ribosome
Small
Floats free
Where protein are made
Cell vacuole
Membrane blind
Contain cell sap
Keeps cell rigid
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
System of membrane
Surface covered in ribosomes
Folds and processes proteins
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Synthesises and processes lipids
Phospholipid bilayer
Hydrophilic head face out
Hydrophobic tail face in
What does the Phospholipid membrane do
Allows lipid soluble molecules to enter and exit
Prevents water soluble molecules to enter and exit
What does the phospholipid membrane consist of
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Proteins
