mr tweedale-psychological influenecs on individual

Question 1

trait theory

Answer 1

individuals born with innate characteristics
called traits
stable
enduring
stay the same in different situations
(nature approach)
behaviour is consistent so perfomer will act the same in all situations
easy to predict behaviour
e.g extrovert perfomer behaves in an extrovert manner
e.g introvert performer behaviour in introvert way

Question 2

what are the issues with trait theory

Answer 2

doesn’t take into account personality change
personlity and bahviour can change with situation
footballer could be agressive before game, then nice after
does not consider personality can be formed by experience

Question 3

social learning approach

Answer 3

approach that suggests behaviour is learnt through significant others
not born with charcterstics but learn tehm from significant others
more likely to learn significant others that are either role models,hold high esteem
associating with other people and picking up their behaviour-socialisation
more likely to copy reinforced behaviour and behaviour consistely shown to us

Question 4

definition of socialisation

Answer 4

associating with someone and picking up their behaviours

Question 5

what is the diagram for social learning approach

Answer 5

observe-identify-reinforce copy
observe others and copy them
we can learn from experience

Question 6

interactionist approach

Answer 6

combines the two underlying concepts
trait theory-suggests pesonlaity genetically influened, born with personlaity rtraits which will porduct consistemnt behaviour in most situations
social larning approach-suggests personlity is learnt from others

Question 7

Lewin approach to personality

Answer 7

suggests interactionist approach is explained by lewins formulas
B=F (PxE)
behaviour is a function of personlity and environment

Question 8

hollander approach

Answer 8

idea that intercation can predict behaviour
suggested personlity made up of 3 features
core of the performer
typical response
role related behaviour

Question 9

core of the performer

Answer 9

represents key values and beliefs of performer

Question 10

typical reponses

Answer 10

use of inherited traits displayed at specific situations

Question 11

role related behaviour

Answer 11

perfomer might adapt to a very specific role when situation demands it

Question 12

example of hollander approach in sport

Answer 12

rugby game
core-core values of work ethic and prepared to work hard for team

typical responses-player attacker who responds in doing what their meant too

role-related behaviour-in close game when team under pressure, player tracks back and employs role of being a defender

Question 13

what did hollander believe

Answer 13

behaviour is influenced by environment
supported idea of interactionist theory

Question 14

attitudes

Answer 14

value or belief towards something
opinion
more precisily value or blleif towards an attitude object

Question 15

attitude formation

Answer 15

attitudes formed by associating with others and picking up their opinions and values (socialisation)
learn attitudes from significant others e.g role models, freinds family etc
more likely to repeat beaviorus we see if they have been reinforced
can become familiru with someone belifes and accept them-familiarisation
can be postive attitutes can be neagtive attitudes

Question 16

what are the attitude components

Answer 16

part of attitudes=triadic model
Cognitive part
Affective part
Behavioural part
CAB

Question 17

cognitive part

Answer 17

most deep rooted part of an attitude
what you think
what you belief
represents your beliefs

Question 18

affective part

Answer 18

feeling and emotions the player feels
e.g they enjoy training/enjoy taking part

Question 19

behavioural part

Answer 19

reflects what you do
actions and habits of performer
good behavioural part shown when player goes to each training session and playes the matches every week

Question 20

what are the two components used to change attitudes

Answer 20

cognitive dissonance
persuasive communication

Question 21

cognitive dissonance

Answer 21

coach puts pressure on one or more of the attitude components
performer then becomes uneasy
motivated to change their existing attitude

Question 22

sport example of cognitive dissonance

Answer 22

palyer may be presnted with a new acitvity making them question their current attitudes and become motivated to change them
coach may point out benefits of new form of exercise and training which player has shown negative approach towards

Question 23

persuasive communication

Answer 23

performer can be talked into changing their attitudes
attitudes are family stable so performer may be very resistant to change
needs to be relevant and message needs to be understood
need to be more then just a talk
who is talking to performer-more likely to listen and do what a role model says
timing-when they have lost, poor performance they then they talk to performer as they may understand more

Question 24

persusavie communication summed up

Answer 24

communication has to be relevant, understandable, done at right time and clear
best done by an expert

Question 25

arousal

Answer 25

level of activation, degree of readiness
drive to achieve
state of activeness before and during competition
too much can cause issues in sport

Question 26

causes of increased arousal

Answer 26

increase in level of competion e.g world cup final
effect of an audeince, espeically if being watched by expert
fustrating circumstances e.g losing

Question 27

drive theory

Answer 27

increased motivation means increased drive
more drive we have, more chance of improved performance levels due to putting effort in
as arousal increases so does performance in a linear fashion

Question 28

formula for drive theory

Answer 28

p=f(DXH)

Question 29

drive and dominant response

Answer 29

increased dirve does not always increase perfomance
perfomance can not always be imporving
high levels of arousal-less info procced and perfomer focuses on dominant response(reponse thought to be correct)
experts-dominant reponse normally correct
beggnger-dominat reponse may not be developed meaning they pick wrong option, performance decreases
complex task may not be perfomed well at high arousal as concenrtation has ben reduced and there is more to think about
some important cues may be ignored

Question 30

what is dominat reponse

Answer 30

stand out reponse that performer feels is correct

Question 31

inverted u theory

Answer 31

as arousal icreases, so does perfomance
up to optimum point
tends to be moderate level of arousal
both under arousal and over arousal can deteriragte performance
moderate level of arousal not always the best for peak arousal

Question 31

moderate arousal

Answer 31

best point f arousal but not always

Question 32

experince-begginger or expert

Answer 32

expert likely to have deominat reponse devloped and correct
used to playing with high pressure and can deal with tasks and operate with limited info

beginner-might need to operate at low levels of arousal sicnce they would be uncomfotable under pressure

Question 33

personality-introvert or extrovert

Answer 33

introvert-better working at low arousal
known to have high levels of adrenaline so will perform better in low arousal
extroverts-can tolerate any increases in arousal

Question 34

task-gross or fine
complex or simple

Answer 34

gross skill-high arousal
fine skill-low arousal
complex skill-low arousal to process more info
simple skill-high arousal as little to think about

Question 35

catastrophe theory

Answer 35

adaptation of inverted u theory
increased drive/arousal, increases performence up to optimum point
rather then gradual deterionation, sudden dramatic reduction in performance
cause of slump=high levels of cogitive and somantic anxieties
perfomer tries to gain control by reducing both anxieties
my gradully return to optimal
only if initial cause of anxiety is minor

Question 36

somantic anxiety

Answer 36

physiological
e.g mucle tension and incresaed HR

Question 37

cogntive anxiety

Answer 37

psychological
e.g loss of concentration and worries about performance

Question 38

zone of optimal funcaitoning

Answer 38

rtaher then a poitn of opitmal arousal, instead its a zone
best level of arousal is in a zone rather than a point
some find zone at low aorusal, some find zone at high arousal, some find zone at moderate arousal

Question 39

what ways can performer find their zone

Answer 39

mental practices
relaxation
visualisation etc

Question 40

what happens when in the zone of optimum functioning

Answer 40

things flo effortlessly
perfromer reaches good state of confidence, remains calm under pressure
athlete feels in total control of their actions

Question 41

peak flow experience

Answer 41

extenstion of feelings felt in the zone
when timing action and movement are perfect
intristic experince ‘has total focus on task

Question 42

why may peak flow expeince not always be possible

Answer 42

bad mental rehearsal practices
crowds
effect of injury or fatiguing during game