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mp323 > MP323 - HAEMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS > Flashcards

MP323 - HAEMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS Flashcards

1
Q

erythropoiesis

A

RBC production, stimulated by hypoxia, controlled by erythropoietin (hormone synthesised in kidney)

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2
Q

Haemolysis

A
  • destruction of RBCs
  • releases bilirubin into bloodstream
  • normal lifespan of RBC = 120 days
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3
Q

anticoagulation

A
  • elements that interfere with blood clotting
  • aspirin
  • clopidogrel
  • warfarin
  • heparin
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4
Q

Leukopenia

A

decreased WBCs

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5
Q

neutropenia

A

decreased neutrophil count

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6
Q

RBC count for women and men

A

women = 4.5 - 5.5 x10^6
men = 4.0 - 5.0 x10^6

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7
Q

Haematocrit (Hct)

A

percentage of whole blood that is composed of red blood cells

measures the number the RBCs and the size of red blood cells

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8
Q

normal platelet count

A

150,000 - 400,000

spontaneous haemorrhage likely when <20,000

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9
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

decreased platelet count

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10
Q

pancytopenia

A

decreased number of RBCs, WBCs and platelets

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11
Q

anaemia

A
  • reduction in RBCs, the quantity of haemoglobin, or the volume of RBCs
  • main function of RBCs is oxygenation, anaemia results in varying degrees of hypoxia
  • drives ischaemic pathologies
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12
Q

prevalent conditions in anaemia

A
  • blood loss
  • decreased production of erythrocytes
  • increased destruction of erythorcyes
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13
Q

symptoms of anaemia

A
  • PALLOR
  • fatigue, weakness
  • dyspnoea
  • palpitations, tachycardia
  • headache, dizziness and restlessness
  • slowing of thought
  • paraesthesia
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14
Q

aetiology of iron-deficiency anaemia

A

DECREASED ERYTHROCYTE PRODUCTION
- inadequate dietary intake
- malabsorption
- blood loss
- haemolysis

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15
Q

common symptoms of iron-deficiency anaemia

A
  • pallor and glossitis (inflamed tongue)
  • cheilitis
  • sensitivity to clod
  • weakness and datigue
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16
Q

diagnostic studies for iron-deficiency anaemia

A
  • FBC
  • iron levels: total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) and serum ferritin
  • endoscopy/colonoscopy
17
Q

iron replacement for iron-deficiency anaemia

A
  • oral iron
  • ferrous sulphate
  • absorbed best in acidic environment
18
Q

side effects of oral ferrous sulphate for iron-deficiency anaemia

A
  • constipation/diarrhoea
  • GI discomfort
  • nausea

can be taken after food to reduce GI side-effects but best absorbed on empty stomach

19
Q

megaloblastic anaemias

A
  • characterised by large RBCs which are fragile and easily destroyed

common forms: cobalamin deficiency, folic acid deficiency

20
Q

causes of cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency

A
  • gastric mucosa not secreting intrinsic factor
  • long-term use of H2 histamine receptor blockers cause atrophy or loss of gastric mucosa
  • nutritional deficiency
  • hereditary defects
21
Q

common symptoms of cobalamin deficiency anaemia

A
  • general symptoms of anaemia
  • sore tongue
  • anorexia
  • weakness
  • paraesthesia
  • altered thought processes
22
Q

diagnostic studies of B12 deficiency anaemia

A
  • RBCs appear large
  • abnormal shapes
  • structure contributes to erythrocyte destruction
23
Q

treatment for B12 pernicious anaemia

A
  • oral cyanocobalamin
  • parental cobalamin
  • dietary intake is important
24
Q

characteristics of folic acid deficiency

A
  • RBCs that are large and fewer in number
  • folic acid required for RBC formation and maturation
25
Q

causes of folic acid deficiency

A
  • poor dietary intake
  • malabsorption syndromes
  • drugs that inhibit absorption
  • alcohol abuse
  • haemodialysis
26
Q

characteristics of anaemia of chronic disease

A
  • underproduction of RBCs, shortening of RBC survival
  • 2nd most common cause of anaemia
  • generally develops after 1-2 months of sustained disease
27
Q

causes of anaemia of chronic disease

A
  • impaired renal function
  • chronic, inflammatory, infectious or malignant disease
  • chronic liver disease
  • folic acid deficiencies
  • splenomegaly
  • hepatitis
28
Q

anaemia caused by acute blood loss

A

result of sudden haemorrhage (trauma, surgery, vascular disruption)

28
Q

care for anaemia caused by acute blood loss

A
  1. replacing blood volume
  2. identifying source of haemorrhage
  3. stopping blood loss
28
Q

chronic blood loss sources/symptoms

A
  • similar to iron-deficiency anaemia
  • GI bleeding, haemorrhoids, menstrual blood loss
29
Q

care for chronic blood loss

A

supplemental iron administration

30
Q

types of anaemia caused by increased erythrocyte destruction

A
  • haemolytic anaemia
  • sickle cell anaemia
  • haemochromatosis
  • polycythemia
31
Q

haemolytic anaemia characteristics

A
  • destruction or haemolytic of RBCs at a rate that exceeds production
  • third major cause of anaemia
32
Q

intrinsic haemolytic anaemia

A
  • abnormal haemoglobin
  • enzyme deficiencies
  • RBC membrane abnormalities
33
Q

extrinsic haemolytic anaemia

A
  • normal RBCs
  • damaged by external factors (liver, spleen, toxins, mechanical injury)

mp323 (9 decks)

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