Movements & Joints I

Question 1

Flexion at atlanto-occiptal joints (looking down)

Answer 1

Joint movement(s):
Flexion at the atlanto-occiptal joints moves the head slightly forward
Opposite action is extension at the atlanto-occiptal joints
When you slightly nod your head yes that is caused by flexion and extension at the atlanto-occipital joints
Articulation(s):
Atlanto-occipital joint is the bilateral articulation between the occipital condyle of the occipital bone and the superior articular facet of the lateral mass of the atlas (C1 vertebra)
Atlantoaxial joint has three parts
Median atlantoaxial joint is articulation between the dens of the axis (C2 vertebra) and the articular facet of the anterior arch of the atlas (C1)
Bilateral atlantoaxial joints are articulations between the inferior articular facet of lateral mass of atlas (C1) and superior articular facet of superior articulating process of axis (C2)
Comment:
The dens is secured in the median atlantoaxial joint by the transverse and alar ligaments

Question 2

Extension at the atlanto-occiptal joints (looking up)

Answer 2

Joint movement(s):
Extension at the atlanto-occiptal joints moves the head back to anatomical position, or tilts the head back slightly
Opposite action is flexion at the atlanto-occiptal joints
When you gently nod your head yes that is caused by flexion and extension at the atlanto-occipital joints
Articulation(s):
Atlanto-occipital joint is the bilateral articulation between the occipital condyle of the occipital bone and the superior articular facet of the lateral mass of the atlas (C1 vertebra)
Atlantoaxial joint has three parts
Median atlantoaxial joint is articulation between the dens of the axis (C2 vertebra) and the articular facet of the anterior arch of the atlas (C1)
Bilateral atlantoaxial joints are articulations between the inferior articular facet of lateral mass of atlas (C1) and superior articular facet of superior articulating process of axis (C2)
Comment:
The dens is secured in the median atlantoaxial joint by the transverse and alar ligaments

Question 3

rotation at the atlanto-occiptal joints (looking left & right)

Answer 3

Joint movement(s):
Rotation at the atlanto-axial joints occurs as the articular surface of anterior arch of the atlas (C1) pivots on the dens of the axis (C2)
When you gently shake your head no this is caused by rotation at the atlanto-axial joints
Rotation is movement of a body part around its long axis
Articulation(s):
Atlanto-occipital joint is the bilateral articulation between the occipital condyle of the occipital bone and the superior articular facet of the lateral mass of the atlas (C1 vertebra)
Atlantoaxial joint has three parts
Median atlantoaxial joint is articulation between the dens of the axis (C2 vertebra) and the articular facet of the anterior arch of the atlas (C1)
Bilateral atlantoaxial joints are articulations between the inferior articular facet of lateral mass of atlas (C1) and superior articular facet of superior articulating process of axis (C2)
Comment:
The dens is secured in the median atlantoaxial joint by the transverse and alar ligaments

Question 4

flexion of cervical vertebral column (bending neck forward)

Answer 4

Joint movement(s):
Flexion of cervical vertebral column moves the chin toward the chest, e.g. bows the head downward
Opposite action is extension of the cervical vertebral column
Flexion is movement of a body part that decreases the angle between two bones
Articulation(s):
There are two different types of joints in the vertebral column
Intervertebral discs are symphyses found between vertebral bodies
Zygapophyseal (facet) joints are bilateral synovial joints between adjacent superior and inferior articular processes
Comment:
There is no intervertebral disk between the C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) vertebrae

Question 5

extension of cervical vertebral column (bending neck backward)

Answer 5

Joint movement(s):
Extension of cervical vertebral column moves the head back to anatomical position, or tilts the head back
Opposite action is flexion of the cervical vertebral column
Extension is movement of a body part that increases the angle between two bones
Articulation(s):
There are two different types of joints in the vertebral column
Intervertebral discs are symphyses found between vertebral bodies
Zygapophyseal (facet) joints are bilateral synovial joints between adjacent superior and inferior articular processes
Comment:
There is no intervertebral disk between the C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) vertebrae

Question 6

lateral flexion of cervical vertebral column (bending neck sideway)

Answer 6

Joint movement(s):
Lateral flexion of cervical vertebral column results in lateral (side-ways) bending of the neck and head, e.g., moving your ear towards your shoulderssss
Articulation(s):
There are two different types of joints in the vertebral column
Intervertebral discs are symphyses found between vertebral bodies
Zygapophyseal (facet) joints are bilateral synovial joints between adjacent superior and inferior articular processes
Comment:
There is no intervertebral disk between the C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) vertebrae

Question 7

Rotation of cervical vertebral column (head & neck turn sideways)

Answer 7

Joint movement(s):
Rotation of cervical vertebral column occurs as the head and neck turn to one side or the other
Rotation is movement of a body part around its long axis
Articulation(s):
There are two different types of joints in the vertebral column
Intervertebral discs are symphyses found between vertebral bodies
Zygapophyseal (facet) joints are bilateral synovial joints between adjacent superior and inferior articular processes
Comment:
There is no intervertebral disk between the C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) vertebrae

Question 8

Flexion of vertebral column (bending forward - whole spine)

Answer 8

Joint movement(s):
Flexion of vertebral column bends the trunk forward, e.g., to pick up something from the ground
Opposite action is extension of the vertebral column
Flexion is movement of a body part that decreases the angle between two bones
Articulation(s):
There are two different types of joints in the vertebral column
Intervertebral discs are symphyses found between vertebral bodies
Zygapophyseal (facet) joints are bilateral synovial joints between adjacent superior and inferior articular processes
Comment:
There is no intervertebral disk between the C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) vertebrae

Question 9

extension of vertebral column (bending backward - whole spine)

Answer 9

Joint movement(s):
Extension of vertebral column straightens the trunk and returns it to anatomical position
Opposite action is flexion of the vertebral column
Extension is movement of a body part that increases the angle between two bones
Articulation(s):
There are two different types of joints in the vertebral column
Intervertebral discs are symphyses found between vertebral bodies
Zygapophyseal (facet) joints are bilateral synovial joints between adjacent superior and inferior articular processes
Comment:
There is no intervertebral disk between the C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) vertebrae

Question 10

lateral flexion of vertebral column (bending spine sideway)

Answer 10

Joint movement(s):
Lateral flexion of vertebral column results in lateral (side-ways) bending of the trunk, e.g., when leaning side-ways to grasp the handle of a suitcase at the side of the body
Articulation(s):
There are two different types of joints in the vertebral column
Intervertebral discs are symphyses found between vertebral bodies
Zygapophyseal (facet) joints are bilateral synovial joints between adjacent superior and inferior articular processes
Comment:
There is no intervertebral disk between the C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) vertebrae

Question 11

Rotation of vertebral column (spine turn sideways)

Answer 11

Joint movement(s):
Rotation of vertebral column occurs as the trunk and/or neck turns to one side or the other
Rotation is movement of a body part around its long axis
Articulation(s):
There are two different types of joints in the vertebral column
Intervertebral discs are symphyses found between vertebral bodies
Zygapophyseal (facet) joints are bilateral synovial joints between adjacent superior and inferior articular processes
Comment:
There is no intervertebral disk between the C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) vertebrae

Question 12

Depression of mandible at TMJ (Temporomandibular Joint) - Lower jaw moves downward, mouth is open

Answer 12

Joint movement(s):
Depression of mandible at TMJ opens the mouth
Opposite action is elevation of mandible
Depression is movement of a body part inferiorly (downward)
Articulation(s):
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the articulation between the head of the mandible and the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone

Question 13

elevation of mandible at TMJ (jaw moves upward - mouth closes)

Answer 13

Joint movement(s):
Elevation of mandible at TMJ closes the mouth
Opposite action is depression of mandible
Elevation is movement of a body part superiorly (upward)
Articulation(s):
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the articulation between the head of the mandible and the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone

Question 14

protraction of mandible at TMJ (jaw move forward)

Answer 14

Joint movement(s):
Protraction of mandible at TMJ moves the chin anteriorly (forward)
Opposite action is retraction of mandible at TMJ
Protraction is movement of the mandible at TMJ anteriorly on a horizontal plane
Protrusion is another term used for this action
Articulation(s):
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the articulation between the head of the mandible and the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone

Question 15

retraction of mandible at TMJ (jaw move backwards)

Answer 15

Joint movement(s):
Retraction of mandible at TMJ moves the protracted mandible posteriorly (backward) to neutral position
Opposite action is protraction at TMJ
Retraction describes similar movement of the scapula
Articulation(s):
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the articulation between the head of the mandible and the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone

Question 16

side to side movements of mandible at TMJ (jaw moves side to side)

Answer 16

Joint movement(s):
Side to side movements at TMJ move the mandible back and forth in the horizontal plane. This allows for actions like grinding and chewing
Articulation(s):
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is the articulation between the head of the mandible and the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone

Question 17

elevation of scapula (shoulder moving up)

Answer 17

Joint movement(s):
Elevation of scapula raises the scapula, e.g., when one shrugs the shoulders
Opposite action is depression of shoulders
Elevation is movement of a body part in superior (upward) direction
Articulation(s):
Scapula does not have a bony articulation with the axial skeleton
Comment:
Scapula is held in position and controlled by scapular muscles
Movement of scapula affects the upper limb

Question 18

depression of scapula (shoulders moving down)

Answer 18

Joint movement(s):
Depression of scapula lowers the scapula, e.g., when your shoulders sag
Opposite action is elevation of shoulders
Depression is movement of a body part in inferior (downward) direction
Articulation(s):
Scapula does not have a bony articulation with the axial skeleton
Comment:
Scapula is held in position and controlled by scapular muscles
Movement of scapula affects the upper limb

Question 19

protraction of scapula (shoulder move forward)

Answer 19

Joint movement(s):
Protraction of scapula moves the scapula forward along the thoracic wall. In this position, you have poor posture
Opposite action is retraction of scapula
Protraction is movement of the scapula in anterior (forward) direction in the horizontal plane.
Protrusion describes similar movement of the mandible
Articulation(s):
Scapula does not have a bony articulation with the axial skeleton
Comment:
Scapula is held in position and controlled by scapular muscles
Movement of scapula affects the upper limb

Question 20

retraction of scapula (shoulders moving towards spine)

Answer 20

Joint movement(s):
Retraction moves the scapula backward, e.g., squeeszing your shouklder blades together
Opposite action is protraction of scapula
Retraction is movement of the scapula posteriorly (backward) on a plane parallel to ground
Retraction is also a movement of the mandible
Articulation(s):
Scapula does not have a bony articulation with the axial skeleton
Comment:
Scapula is held in position and controlled by scapular muscles
Movement of scapula affects the upper limb

Question 21

superior rotation of scapula (rotates away from spine/clockwise)

Answer 21

Joint movement(s):
Superior rotation of scapula directs the glenoid cavity superiorly, e.g., raising the arm above the head in the coronal (frontal) plane
Opposite action is inferior rotation of scapula
Superior rotation of the scapula is important for increasing the range of motion of abduction of the arm at the glenohumeral joint
Superior rotation may also be called upward rotation
Articulation(s):
Scapula does not have a bony articulation with the axial skeleton

Question 22

inferior rotation of scapula (rotate towards spine/anti-clockwise)

Answer 22

Joint movement(s):
Inferior rotation of scapula directs the glenoid cavity inferiorly and returns it to anatomical position, e.g., lowering the arm from above the head in the coronal (frontal) plane
Opposite action is superior rotation of scapula
Inferior rotation may also be called downward rotation
Articulation(s):
Scapula does not have a bony articulation with the axial skeleton
Comment:
Scapula is held in position and controlled by scapular muscles
Movement of scapula affects the upper limb

Question 23

flexion of arm at glemohumeral joint (shoulder) (move upward & forward)

Answer 23

Joint movement(s):
Flexion at glenohumeral joint occurs when the arm (humerus) moves anteriorly in the sagittal plane
Opposite action is extension at the glenohumeral joint
Articulation(s):
Glenohumeral joint is the articulation between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus
Comment:
Glenohumeral joint is commonly referred to as the shoulder joint
A shoulder dislocation injury occurs at this joint when the head of the humerus comes out of the glenoid cavity
Acromioclavicular joint is superior to glenohumeral joint. This joint is where a shoulder separation injury occurs

Question 24

extension of arm at glemohumeral joint (shoulder) (move upward & backward)

Answer 24

Joint movement(s):
Extension at glenohumeral joint occurs when the arm (humerus) moves posteriorly in the sagittal plane
Opposite action is flexion at the glenohumeral joint
Articulation(s):
Glenohumeral joint is the articulation between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus
Comment:
Glenohumeral joint is commonly referred to as the shoulder joint
A shoulder dislocation injury occurs at this joint when the head of the humerus comes out of the glenoid cavity
Acromioclavicular joint is superior to glenohumeral joint. This joint is where a shoulder separation injury occurs

Question 25

abduction of arm at glemohumeral joint (shoulder) (move perpendicular to the ground & upward)

Answer 25

Joint movement(s):
Abduction at glenohumeral joint moves arm away from the body in the coronal (frontal) plane, e.g., during “jumping jacks”
Opposite action is adduction at glenohumeral joint
Abduction is movement of a body part away from midline of body
Articulation(s):
Glenohumeral joint is the articulation between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus
Comment:
Glenohumeral joint is commonly referred to as the shoulder joint
A shoulder dislocation injury occurs at this joint when the head of the humerus comes out of the glenoid cavity
Acromioclavicular joint is superior to glenohumeral joint. This joint is where a shoulder separation injury occurs

Question 26

abduction of arm at glemohumeral joint (shoulder) (move perpendicular to the ground & downward)

Answer 26

Joint movement(s):
Adduction at glenohumeral joint moves arm toward the body in the coronal (frontal) plane, e.g., during “jumping jacks”
Opposite action is abduction at glenohumeral joint
Adduction is movement of a body part toward the midline of body
Articulation(s):
Glenohumeral joint is the articulation between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus
Comment:
Glenohumeral joint is commonly referred to as the shoulder joint
A shoulder dislocation injury occurs at this joint when the head of the humerus comes out of the glenoid cavity
Acromioclavicular joint is superior to glenohumeral joint. This joint is where a shoulder separation injury occurs

Question 27

medial rotation of arm at glemohumeral joint (shoulder) (elbow at right angle, moves towards the stomach)

Answer 27

Joint movement(s):
Medial rotation at glenohumeral joint turns the anterior aspect of the arm (humerus) toward the body midline
Opposite action is lateral rotation at glenohumeral joint
Medial rotation (internal rotation) is movement of a body part in medial direction around its long axis
Medial rotation occurs at the glenohumeral and hip joints
Articulation(s):
Glenohumeral joint is the articulation between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus
Comment:
Glenohumeral joint is commonly referred to as the shoulder joint
A shoulder dislocation injury occurs at this joint when the head of the humerus comes out of the glenoid cavity
Acromioclavicular joint is superior to glenohumeral joint. This joint is where a shoulder separation injury occurs

Question 28

lateral rotation of arm at glemohumeral joint (shoulder) (elbow at right angle, move away from the stomach)

Answer 28

Joint movement(s):
Lateral rotation at glenohumeral joint turns the anterior aspect of the arm (humerus) away from the body midline
Opposite action is medial rotation at glenohumeral joint
Lateral rotation (external rotation) is movement of a body part in lateral direction around its long axis
Lateral rotation occurs at the glenohumeral and hip joints
Articulation(s):
Glenohumeral joint is the articulation between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus
Comment:
Glenohumeral joint is commonly referred to as the shoulder joint
A shoulder dislocation injury occurs at this joint when the head of the humerus comes out of the glenoid cavity
Acromioclavicular joint is superior to glenohumeral joint. This joint is where a shoulder separation injury occurs

Question 29

circumduction rotation of arm at glemohumeral joint (shoulder) (whole arm does a circle)

Answer 29

Joint movement(s):
Circumduction at glenohumeral joint moves the arm (humerus) in a cone with the apex at glenohumeral joint in a circular pattern, e.g., when swimming the backstroke
Circumduction results from sequential flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction; medial and lateral rotation are also required
Articulation(s):
Glenohumeral joint is the articulation between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus
Comment:
Glenohumeral joint is commonly referred to as the shoulder joint
A shoulder dislocation injury occurs at this joint when the head of the humerus comes out of the glenoid cavity
Acromioclavicular joint is superior to glenohumeral joint. This joint is where a shoulder separation injury occurs

Question 30

flexion of forearm at elbow joint (shoulder locked, palm face up, move upward)

Answer 30

Joint movement(s):
Flexion at elbow joint moves the forearm (radius and ulna) so the elbow “bends”, e.g., moving your hand towards your shoulder
Opposite action is extension at elbow joint
Flexion is movement of a body part that decreases the angle between two bones
Articulation(s):
Elbow joint is formed by articulations between:
Trochlear notch of ulna and trochlea of humerus
Head of radius and capitulum of humerus

Question 31

extension of forearm at elbow joint (shoulder locked, palm face up, move downward)

Answer 31

Joint movement(s):
Extension at elbow joint move the forearm (radius and ulna) so the elbow “straightens”
Opposite action is flexion at elbow joint
Extension is movement of a body part that increases the angle between two bones
Articulation(s):
Elbow joint is formed by articulations between:
Trochlear notch of ulna and trochlea of humerus
Head of radius and capitulum of humerus

Question 32

pronation of forearm with elbow extended (wrists turn inward clockwise)

Answer 32

Joint movement(s):
From anatomical position, pronation of forearm rotates radius so that the palm of hand faces posteriorly
Opposite action is supination at radio-ulnar joint
Pronation is a movement unique to the forearm
Articulation(s):
Proximal radio-ulnar joint is formed by the articulation of head of the radius with trochlear notch of ulna
Distal radio-ulnar joint is formed by the articulation of head of ulna and distal end of radius

Question 33

supination of forearm with elbow extended (wrists turn inward anti-clockwise)

Answer 33

Joint movement(s):
From anatomical position, supination of forearm at radio-ulnar joint rotates radius so that the palm of hand faces anteriorly
Opposite action is supination at radio-ulnar joint
Supination is a movement unique to the forearm
Articulation(s):
Proximal radio-ulnar joint is formed by the articulation of head of the radius with trochlear notch of ulna
Distal radio-ulnar joint is formed by the articulation of head of ulna and distal end of radius

Question 34

pronation of forearm with elbow flexed (palms turn downward)

Answer 34

Joint movement(s):
From the supinated position with the elbow flexed, pronation rotates radius so that the palm faces downward
Articulation(s):
Proximal radio-ulnar joint is formed by the articulation of head of the radius with trochlear notch of ulna
Distal radio-ulnar joint is formed by the articulation of head of ulna and distal end of radius

Question 35

supination of forearm with elbow flexed (palms turn upward)

Answer 35

Joint movement(s):
From the pronated position with the elbow flexed, supination rotates radius so that the palm faces upward
Articulation(s):
Proximal radio-ulnar joint is formed by the articulation of head of the radius with trochlear notch of ulna
Distal radio-ulnar joint is formed by the articulation of head of ulna and distal end of radius

Question 36

flexion of hand at radiocarpal joint (wrist bend hand upright)

Answer 36

Joint movement(s):
Flexion at radiocarpal joint “bends” wrist anteriorly so the palm of the hand moves toward the anterior forearm
Opposite action is extension at radiocarpal joint
Flexion is movement of a body part that decreases the angle between two bones
Articulation(s):
Radiocarpal (wrist) joint is the articulation between distal end of the radius and articular disc with the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum carpal bones
The ulna does not participate in this joint because the articular disc separates the head of the ulna from this joint

Question 37

extension of hand at radiocarpal joint (wrist bend hand downright)

Answer 37

Joint movement(s):
Extension at radiocarpal joint “bends” wrist posteriorly so the back of hand moves toward the posterior forearm
Opposite action is flexion at radiocarpal joint
Extension is movement of a body part that increases the angle between two bones
Articulation(s):
Radiocarpal (wrist) joint is the articulation between distal end of the radius and articular disc with the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum carpal bones
The ulna does not participate in this joint because the articular disc separates the head of the ulna from this joint

Question 38

abduction of hand at radiocarpal joint (like giving a handshake)

Answer 38

Joint movement(s):
Abduction at radiocarpal joint (radial deviation) moves hand toward the radial (thumb) side
Opposite action is adduction at radiocarpal joint
Abduction is movement of a body part away from the sagittal plane of body or reference plane
Articulation(s):
Radiocarpal (wrist) joint is the articulation between distal end of the radius and articular disc with the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum carpal bones
The ulna does not participate in this joint because the articular disc separates the head of the ulna from this joint

Question 39

abduction of hand at radiocarpal joint (like opposite of giving a handshake)

Answer 39

Joint movement(s):
Adduction at radiocarpal joint (ulnar deviation) moves hand toward the ulnar (little finger) side
Opposite action is abduction at radiocarpal joint
Adduction is movement of a body part toward the sagittal plane of body or reference plane
Articulation(s):
Radiocarpal (wrist) joint is the articulation between distal end of the radius and articular disc with the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum carpal bones
The ulna does not participate in this joint because the articular disc separates the head of the ulna from this joint

Question 40

circumduction rotation of hand at radiocarpal joint (moving in all direction)

Answer 40

Joint movement(s):
Circumduction at radiocarpal joint moves the hand in a circular pattern
Articulation(s):
Radiocarpal (wrist) joint is the articulation between distal end of the radius and articular disc with the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum carpal bones
The ulna does not participate in this joint because the articular disc separates the head of the ulna from this joint

Question 41

flexion of thumb at carpometacarpal joint (moves inward)

Answer 41

Joint movement(s):
Flexion at carpometacarpal (CMC) joint moves the thumb medially in the plane of the palm (coronal plane)
Opposite action is extension at carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of thumb
Flexion is movement of a body part that decreases the angle between two bones
Articulation(s):
Carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of the thumb is formed by the articulation between the trapezium (a carpal) and the base of the first metacarpal

Question 42

extension of thumb at carpometacarpal joint (moves outward)

Answer 42

Joint movement(s):
Extension at carpometacarpal (CMC) joint moves the thumb laterally in the plane of the palm (coronal plane)
Opposite action is flexion at carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of thumb
Extension is movement of a body part that increases the angle between two bones
Articulation(s):
Carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of the thumb is formed by the articulation between the trapezium (a carpal) and the base of the first metacarpal

Question 43

abduction of thumb at carpometacarpal joint (moves upward)

Answer 43

Joint movement(s):
Abduction at carpometacarpal (CMC) joint moves the thumb anteriorly in the plane perpendicular to the palm (sagittal plane)
Opposite action is adduction at carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of thumb
Abduction is movement of a body part away from the sagittal plane of body or reference plane
Articulation(s):
Carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of the thumb is formed by the articulation between the trapezium (a carpal) and the base of the first metacarpal

Question 44

abduction of thumb at carpometacarpal joint (moves downward)

Answer 44

Joint movement(s):
Adduction at carpometacarpal (CMC) joint moves the thumb posteriorly in the plane perpendicular to the palm (sagittal plane)
Opposite action is abduction at carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of thumb
Adduction is movement of a body part toward the sagittal plane of body or reference plane
Articulation(s):
Carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of the thumb is formed by the articulation between the trapezium (a carpal) and the base of the first metacarpal

Question 45

opposition of thumb at carpometacarpal joint (moves to the pinky)

Answer 45

Joint movement(s):
Opposition at the carpometacarpal joint moves the thumb toward the palmar tips of the other digits. The most complex movement of opposition is when the tip of the thumb touches the tip of the little finger
Opposite action is reposition at the carpometacarpal joint
Articulation(s):
Carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of the thumb is formed by the articulation between the trapezium (a carpal) and the base of the first metacarpal

Question 46

reposition of thumb at carpometacarpal joint (moves back to original position)

Answer 46

Joint movement(s):
Reposition at the carpometacarpal joint returns the opposed thumb to anatomical position
Opposite action is opposition at the carpometacarpal joint
Articulation(s):
Carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of the thumb is formed by the articulation between the trapezium (a carpal) and the base of the first metacarpal

Question 47

flexion of fingers 2-5 at metacarpophalangeal joints (MP) (finger form a fist)

Answer 47

Joint movement(s):
Flexion at metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints moves the proximal phalanges of fingers 2-5 closer to the palm of the hand
This motion bends the joint between the palm of the hand and the fingers when “waving bye-bye”
Opposite action is extension at metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints
Flexion is movement of a body part that decreases the angle between two bones
Articulation(s):
Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint is formed by the articulation between the head of a metacarpal and the base of the proximal phalanx for each of the 5 fingers

Question 48

extension of fingers 2-5 at metacarpophalangeal joints (MP) (finger returns to original position)

Answer 48

Joint movement(s):
Extension at metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints moves the proximal phalanges of fingers 2-5 back toward anatomical position
This motion straigtens the joint between the palm of the hand and the fingers when “waving bye-bye”
Opposite action is flexion at metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints
Extension is movement of a body part that increases the angle between two bones
Articulation(s):
Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint is formed by the articulation between the head of a metacarpal and the base of the proximal phalanx for each of the 5 fingers

Question 49

abduction of fingers 2-5 at metacarpophalangeal joints (MP) (fingers separate form one another)

Answer 49

Joint movement(s):
Abduction at MP joint moves the 2nd, 4th, and 5th fingers away from the sagittal reference plane that passes through the middle (3rd) finger
Opposite action is adduction at MP joint
Abduction is movement of a body part away from the sagittal plane of body or reference plane
Articulation(s):
Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint is formed by the articulation between the head of a metacarpal and the base of the proximal phalanx for each of the 5 fingers

Question 50

abduction of fingers 2-5 at metacarpophalangeal joints (MP) (fingers rejoice)

Answer 50

Joint movement(s):
Adduction at MP joint moves the 2nd, 4th, and 5th fingers toward the sagittal reference plane that passes through the middle (3rd) finger
Opposite action is abduction at MP joint
Adduction is movement of a body part toward the sagittal plane of body or reference plane
Articulation(s):
Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint is formed by the articulation between the head of a metacarpal and the base of the proximal phalanx for each of the 5 fingers

Question 51

abduction of fingers 3 at metacarpophalangeal joints (MP) (finger moves toward ring finger)

Answer 51

Joint movement(s):
Abduction at MP joint of middle finger moves the 3rd digit to either side of the sagittal reference plane that passes through its midline
Articulation(s):
Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint is formed by the articulation between the head of a metacarpal and the base of the proximal phalanx for each of the 5 fingers

Question 52

abduction of fingers 3 at metacarpophalangeal joints (MP) (finger moves away from ring finger)

Answer 52

Joint movement(s):
Adduction at MP joint of middle finger moves the abducted 3rd digit back to anatomical position
Articulation(s):
Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint is formed by the articulation between the head of a metacarpal and the base of the proximal phalanx for each of the 5 fingers

Question 53

flexion of fingers 2-5 at interphalangeal joints (MP) (finger form a half fist, tips meet at inner side of knuckles)

Answer 53

Joint movement(s):
Flexion at PIP and DIP joints of four medial fingers “bends” or “curls” digits 2-5, e.g., when making a fist or grasping an object in hand
Opposite action is extension at PIP and DIP joints
Flexion is movement of a body part that decreases the angle between two bones
Articulation(s):
Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints of fingers 2-5 are articulations between the proximal and middle phalanges
Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints of fingers 2-5 are articulations between the middle and distal phalanges
Comment:
The thumb (digit 1) has only two phalanges, therefore it is termed an interphalangeal (IP) joint

Question 54

extension of fingers 2-5 at interphalangeal joints (MP) (finger returns to original position)

Answer 54

Joint movement(s):
Extension at PIP and DIP joints of four medial fingers straightens digits 2-5 from a flexed position
Opposite action is flexion at PIP and DIP joints
Extension is movement of a body part that increases the angle between two bones
Articulation(s):
Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints of fingers 2-5 are articulations between the proximal and middle phalanges
Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints of fingers 2-5 are articulations between the middle and distal phalanges
Comment:
The thumb (digit 1) has only two phalanges, therefore it is termed an interphalangeal (IP) joint

Question 55

flexion of thigh at hip joint (leg moves upward)

Answer 55

Joint movement(s):
Flexion at hip joint occurs when the thigh (femur) moves anteriorly
Opposite action is extension at hip joint
Flexion is movement of a body part that decreases the angle between two bones
Articulation(s):
Hip joint is the articulation between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone (os coxa)

Question 56

extension of thigh at hip joint (leg moves upward, to the back)

Answer 56

Joint movement(s):
Extension at hip joint occurs when the thigh (femur) moves posteriorly
Opposite action is flexion at hip joint
Extension is movement of a body part that increases the angle between two bones
Articulation(s):
Hip joint is the articulation between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone (os coxa)

Question 57

abduction of thigh at hip joint ( leg moves upward, from the side)

Answer 57

Joint movement(s):
Abduction at hip joint moves the thigh (femur) away from the body in the coronal (frontall) plane, e.g., during “jumping jacks”
Opposite action is adduction
Abduction is movement of a body part away from the sagittal plane of body or reference plane
Articulation(s):
Hip joint is the articulation between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone (os coxa)

Question 58

abduction of thigh at hip joint ( leg moves downward, from the side)

Answer 58

Joint movement(s):
Adduction at hip joint moves the thigh (femur) toward the body in the coronal (frontal) plane, e.g., during “jumping jacks”
Opposite action is abduction
Adduction is movement of a body part toward the sagittal plane of body or reference plane
Articulation(s):
Hip joint is the articulation between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone (os coxa)

Question 59

lateral rotation of thigh at hip joint (leg moves outward, to the side)

Answer 59

Joint movement(s):
Lateral rotation at hip joint turns the anterior aspect of thigh (femur) away from the body midline
Opposite action is medial rotation
Lateral rotation (external rotation) is movement of a body part in lateral direction around its long axis
Lateral rotation occurs at the glenohumeral and hip joints
Articulation(s):
Hip joint is the articulation between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone (os coxa)

Question 60

medial rotation of thigh at hip joint (leg moves inward, to the side)

Answer 60

Joint movement(s):
Medial rotation at hip joint turns the anterior aspect of thigh (femur) toward the body midline
Opposite action is lateral rotation
Medial rotation (internal rotation) is movement of a body part in medial direction around its long axis
Medial rotation occurs at the glenohumeral and hip joints
Articulation(s):
Hip joint is the articulation between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone (os coxa)

Question 61

circumduction of thigh at hip joint (leg moves in a circle, knee facing forward)

Answer 61

Joint movement(s):
Circumduction at the hip joint moves the thigh (femur) in a circular pattern
Articulation(s):
Hip joint is the articulation between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone (os coxa)

Question 62

flexion of leg at knee joint (only lower leg is moved upwards)

Answer 62

Joint movement(s):
Flexion at knee joint moves the leg (tibia and fibula) so the knee “bends” and the foot moves toward the gluteal region
Opposite action is extension at the knee joint
Flexion is movement of a body part that decreases the angle between two bones
Flexion usually occurs in anterior direction; an exception is the knee joint, which flexes posteriorly
Articulation(s): Knee joint is formed by articulations between:
Medial and lateral condyles of the femur and tibia
Patellar surface of femur and patella
Comment:
Fibula does not participate in this joint

Question 63

extension of leg at knee joint (only lower leg is moved downwards)

Answer 63

Joint movement(s):
Extension at knee joint straightens the leg (tibia and fibula), e.g. when kicking
Opposite action is flexion at the knee joint
Extension is the movement of a body part that increases the angle between two bones
Extension usually occurs in the posterior direction; an exception is the knee joint, which extends anteriorly
Articulation(s):
Knee joint is formed by articulations between:
Medial and lateral condyles of the femur and tibia
Patellar surface of femur and patella
Comment:
Fibula does not participate in this joint

Question 64

medial rotation of leg at knee joint (ankle turns towards pelvis)

Answer 64

Joint movement(s):
Medial rotation at the knee joint turns the anterior aspect of leg (tibia) toward the midline
Opposite action is lateral rotation at the knee joint
Medial rotation (internal rotation) is movement of a body part in medial direction around its long axis
Articulation(s):
Knee joint is formed by articulations between:
Medial and lateral condyles of the femur and tibia
Patellar surface of femur and patella
Comment:
Fibula does not participate in this joint

Question 65

lateral rotation of leg at knee joint (ankle turns away from pelvis)

Answer 65

Joint movement(s):
Lateral rotation at the knee joint turns the anterior aspect of leg (tibia) away from midline
Opposite action is medial rotation at the knee joint
Lateral rotation (external rotation) is movement of a body part in lateral direction around its long axis
Articulation(s):
Knee joint is formed by articulations between:
Medial and lateral condyles of the femur and tibia
Patellar surface of femur and patella
Comment:
Fibula does not participate in this joint

Question 66

dorsiflexion of foot at ankle joint (bottom of foot off the ground)

Answer 66

Joint movement(s):
Dorsiflexion elevates the dorsum (“top” surface) of foot with respect to ankle joint, e.g. when standing on heels
Opposite action is plantar flexion
Describes a movement unique to the ankle joint
Articulation(s):
Talocrural joint is formed by articulations between:
Distal tibia and medial malleolus of tibia with superior articular surface of talus (tarsal)
Lateral malleolus of fibula with superior articular surface of talus
Comment:
Talocrural joint is commonly called the ankle joint
Inversion ankle sprains are the most frequent talocrural injury and affect the lateral ligaments
Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments are superior to talocrural joint. These ligaments bind the distal tibia and fibula together and can be damaged in “high ankle” spains

Question 67

plantar flexion of foot at ankle joint (heel off the ground)

Answer 67

Joint movement(s):
Plantar flexion depresses the dorsum (“top” surface) of foot with respect to ankle joint, e.g. standing on “tip-toe”
Opposite action is dorsiflexion
Describes a movement unique to the ankle joint
Articulation(s):
Talocrural joint is formed by articulations between:
Distal tibia and medial malleolus of tibia with superior articular surface of talus (tarsal)
Lateral malleolus of fibula with superior articular surface of talus
Comment:
Talocrural joint is commonly called the ankle joint
Inversion ankle sprains are the most frequent talocrural injury and affect the lateral ligaments
Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments are superior to talocrural joint. These ligaments bind the distal tibia and fibula together and can be damaged in “high ankle” spains

Question 68

inversion of foot (inner bottom of foot is off the ground)

Answer 68

Joint movement(s):
Inversion moves the foot so that the plantar surface (sole) turns medially, i.e., inward
Opposite action is eversion
Inversion and eversion describe movements unique to the foot
Forced inversion may cause a lateral ankle sprain
Articulation(s):
Intertarsal joints of the foot that are involved in inversion/eversion movements are formed by articulations between the talus, calcaneus, navicular, and cuboid bones
Comment:
The main joint involved in movements of inversion/eversion is the subtalar joint

Question 69

eversion of foot (outer bottom of foot is off the ground)

Answer 69

Joint movement(s):
Eversion moves the foot so that the plantar surface (sole) turns laterally, i.e., outward
Opposite action is inversion
Inversion and eversion describe movements unique to the foot
Articulation(s):
Intertarsal joints of the foot that are involved in inversion/eversion movements are formed by articulations between the talus, calcaneus, navicular, and cuboid bones
Comment:
The main joint involved in movements of inversion/eversion is the subtalar joint

Question 70

flexion of toes at interphalangeal joints (toes are srunched)

Answer 70

Joint movement(s):
Flexion at interphalangeal (IP) joints “curls” the toes
This moves the toes toward the plantar surface of the foot
Opposite action is extension of the toes
Articulation(s):
Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints of toes 2-5 are between the proximal and middle phalanges
Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints of toes 2-5 between the middle and distal phalanges
Comment:
The big toe (digit 1) has only two phalanges, therefore it is termed an interphalangeal (IP) joint

Question 71

extension of toes at interphalangeal joints (toes are un-scrunched)

Answer 71

Joint movement(s):
Extension at interphalangeal (IP) joints “straightens” the toes
This moves the toes back toward anatomical position
Opposite action is flexion of the toes
Articulation(s):
Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints of toes 2-5 are between the proximal and middle phalanges
Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints of toes 2-5 between the middle and distal phalanges
Comment:
The big toe (digit 1) has only two phalanges, therefore it is termed an interphalangeal (IP) joint