Movement science Flashcards
Sagittal plane
An imaginary line that separates the body in equal right and left halves. (X-axis)
frontal (coronal) plane
An imaginary line that separates the body into equal anterior and posterior halves. (Z-axis)
transverse plane
An imaginary line that separates the body in equal superior and inferior halves. (Y axis)
Flexion and extension movements occurring at the elbow, shoulder, and hip occur in the __________ axis
sagittal/X
Abduction and adduction movements at the shoulder and hip occur in the __________ axis
frontal/Z
Rotational movements such as medial/lateral rotation of the hip and shoulder occur in the _________ axis
transverse/Y
flexion _____ the joint angle while extension _______ the joint angle
flexion decreases
extension increases
example of flexion
example of extension
bending the elbow
straightening the elbow
What plane do flexion/extension occur in?
the sagittal plane on the X axis
Abduction moves a body part _______ the midline,
adduction moves a body part ________ the midline
-away from
-towards
example of abduction
example of adduction
lifting the arm at the shoulder away from the body (abduction) and allowing it to return. (adduction)
what plane/axis do adbuction/adduction occur in?
the frontal plan with a corresponding Z axis.
if the arm is being held in an abducted position at the shoulder it is called:
if moved posteriorly, it is called:
-horizontal adduction
-horizontal abduction
If the arm is being held in an abducted position at the shoulder and is then moved anteriorly across the torso, it is called:
if moved posteriorly, it is called:
-horizontal flexion
-horizontal extension
circumduction
The combined movements of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction such that a body part, such as the arm at the shoulder, moved in a circular/conical pattern
what plane/axis does rotation occur in?
the transverse plane with a corresponding Y axis.
In regard to the arm at the shoulder and leg at the hip,
-rotating each body part inward is called __________________ rotation,
- rotating them outward is _________________rotation.
-internal/medial rotation
-external/lateral rotation
-lateral flexion
-lateral extension
-Bending the vertebral column to the side in the frontal plane
-returning the vertebral column to the midline
At the talocrural (ankle) joint:
- movement of the top of the foot upward towards tibia is called _______________
dorsal flexion
At the talocrural (ankle) joint:
-movement of the top of the foot away from the tibia where the toes are pointed down at the ground is called ____________
plantar flexion
With the subtalar joint associated with the ankle complex:
-movement of the plantar surface (sole) of the foot inward (medially) is called ____________
-movement of the sole of the foot laterally is called ____________
-inversion
-eversion
-elevation
-depression
when the scapula moves superiorly
-when the scapula moves inferiorly
(without any movement of the inferior angle of the scapula.)
upward/downward and rotation
This is when the inferior angle of the scapula moves laterally, and upward and downward rotation is when the inferior angle moves medially and downward.
abduction and adduction (scapula)
Occurs when the scapula moves laterally away from the vertebral column and medially toward the vertebral column without any movement of the inferior angle.
protraction
A combined movement involving abduction and upward rotation.
retraction
A combined movement involving adduction combined with downward rotation
Anterior tilt (scapula)
This is when the inferior angle of the scapula is move posteriorly away from the thoracic cage,
posterior tilt (scapula)
when the superior angle of the scapula is moved away from the thoracic cage.
scapular tilting
Occurs anytime the arm is raised (posterior tile) or lowered (anterior tile) in front of the body.
An example of:
- scapular retraction
-scapular protraction
-the movement of the scapula when pulling the bar down
-the movement of allowing the bar to return
(with the lat pulldown exercise.)
Concentric
when a muscle shortens against resistance
–will occur against gravity in a vertical upward position.
eccentric
when a muscle (the agonist) lengthens against resistance
-aka forced lengthening contraction
isometric
When the resistance exceeds the muscle’s ability to overcome it and no shortening occurs.
-aka static muscle action
-no joint movement
A concentric muscle action occurs when……
the agonist muscle contracts, shortens, and subsequent action occurs at a joint.
example of a concentric muscle action
the biceps muscle shortens, develops tension to overcome the mass and resistance of the dumbbell being held in the hand, and causes flexion of the elbow as the dumbbell curl exercise is executed.
example of an eccentric muscle action
the agonist muscle, being the bicep, contracting and creating tension to lowering the dumbbell, is an eccentric muscle action.
a ____________ muscle action is when a muscle shortens against resistance and an ____________ action is when that same muscle lengthens against resistance.
-concentric
-eccentric
An eccentric action will occur with……….
with gravity in a slow vertical downward motion, the momentum of a horizontal motion, or the momentum of a vertical upward motion.
An isometric contraction occurs when…..
when force/tension developed by the muscle is equal to, or less than, the mass or resistance needed to be overcome
an example of isometric action
if someone is attempting to do a dumbbell curl with more weight than their bicep muscle can overcome, they can contract maximally against the load or weight of the dumbbell and they muscle will generate force and tension against the weight; however, not enough shortening of the muscle will occur to produce flexion of the elbow.
Example of uni-joint muscles
vastus medialis, lateralis, and intermedius muscles of the quadricep group of the upper leg with their responsibility being only extension of the knee.
example of multi-joint muscles
the rectus femoris of the quadricep group. it produces extension of the knee; however, it also produces flexion of the hip since its origin crosses the hip joint and attaches on the pelvic bone.
With an ______________ exercise, the most distal body segment, usually the hand or foot, is not in contact with or fixed to an object
open-chain
With a _____________ exercise, the most distal body segment, usually the hand or foot, is in contact with or fixed to an object.
closed-chain
An example of a _________ exercise would be doing a back-squat exercise where the knee joint is extended with the foot in contact with the ground.
closed-chain
An example of a ___________ exercise would be doing a seated knee extension exercise where the joint is extended with the foot free of contact with any stable surface.
open-chain
Examples of open-chain exercises
lower body: hamstring curl.
upper-body:
bench press, incline press, decline press, biceps curl, triceps extension, chest fly, and lat pull down.
examples of closed-chain exercises
lower-body: leg press, deadlifts, lunges, and power-cleans.
upper-body: push-ups and derivatives thereof, pull-ups or chin-ups, and dips
Using the proprioceptive system, ______________ exercises foster proprioceptive feedback to initiate and control muscle activation patterns
closed-chain
During the pressing phase of the chest press, the anterior head of the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles contract _____________to produce horizontal adduction/flexion while the triceps contracts to produce ____________ of the elbow
-concentrically
-extension
The ____________ is the distance between the fulcrum and the effort (muscle insertion).
effort arm (EA)
The___________________ is the distance between the fulcrum and the load or mass to be overcome/lifted.
load arm (LA)
Mechanical advantage
When a muscle at a joint is able to multiply an applied force so that a small force can move a much bigger force.
First class lever
-where the fulcrum (joint) is between the effort (muscle insertion) and the load to be lifted.
-like a seesaw
function of first class levers
-provide a way for the body to change the direction, speed, and strength of movement at a joint
-can either trade better muscle movement speed for less strength. Or trade muscle strength/force for decreased speed
the position of the fulcrum determines the balance between _________ and ___________
speed and strength
example of a first class lever
the atlanto-occipital joint that allows the head to be flexed (tipped forward) and extended (tipped backward).
second class lever
-where the load is between the effort (muscle insertion) and the fulcrum (joint).
-a large load can be moved with relatively low effort
-greater mechanical advantage than 1rst and 3rd
example of a second class lever
the gastrocnemius (calf) muscle and its ability to produce plantar flexion that allows one to rise on their toes.
third class lever
-where the effort (muscle insertion) is between the load and the fulcrum (joint).
-can produce a large range of movement with relatively low effort.
example a third class lever
the action of the biceps brachii muscle at the elbow.
The body is primarily composed on ____________-class levers
third-class
The maximum amount of force a muscle can produce against an external load is referred to as ____________
muscle strength
Torque
-aka movement of force
-results from the rotational effect from an imposed linear force
-creates movement at bony levers (joints)
Concentric torque
when net torque and joint movement occurring from shortening of the agonist are in the same direction.
Eccentric torque
when net torque and joint movement occurring from the agonist lengthening against resistance of the load are opposite of joint motion.
When a force is applied to a bone at a distance from the joint center and at such an angle that the force is not directed through the joint center, then it will create _____________
rotation
When the forearm is flexed and extended and the moment arm changes, this is an example of
when a moment arms changes throughout the range of motion, the magnitude of torque will also change
The moment arm is greatest when the elbow is at ________ degrees and is reduced as the elbow is flexed beyond this angle.
90 degrees
muscle peak power
the ability of a muscle to contractile forcefully in the shortest amount of time and represents an inverse relationship between muscle strength and velocity (speed) of contraction.
Power is calculated as
force x velocity
As the external load ___________, the contractile speed in which to overcome the force to produce movement _______.
-increases
-slows
force–velocity curve
the inverse relationship between force and muscle contraction velocity/speed
example of force-velocity curve
when performing a 1-RM on the bench press, where high levels of force would be generated, but the load would be moved slowly due to the slower contraction velocity
In the ____________ phase, the person receives instructions about how to perform a movement and continuously integrates received feedback in order to refine the movement
cognitive
Three phases of motor learning
- cognitive
- associative
- autonomous
The ______________ phase involves consolidating the movement in a normal routine for performance as the person becomes more confident with the movement and the practice becomes more refined and accurate.
associative
The _______________ phase occurs after an extended amount of practice and the movement the task is learned and becomes almost automatic;
autonomous
motor control
involves sensory input, motor output, and the ability to integrate and process at multiple levels within the nervous system.
motor learning
involves the sequential/continuous process of change in the motor system over the life span, including the changes in motor behavior.
