Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what system governs hormonal release?

A

the autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

4 structural groups of hormones

A

(a) peptides and proteins
(b) steroids
(c) amino acid derivatives (biogenic amines), (d) fatty acid derivatives (eicosanoids).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Peptide proteins are those such as

A

GH, IGF-1, and insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

steroid hormone examples

A

testosterone, estradiol, and cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Amino acid derivative hormones examples

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Eicosanoid hormone examples

A

prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

function of hormones

A

-chemical messengers
-the effect of a hormone on a tissue is determined by the plasma concentration and the number of active receptors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

function of binding proteins

A

-carry hormones in the blood and/or some can remain unbound
-act as storage sites within the circulation where they fight hormonal degradation and extend the hormone’s half-life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Most hormones are not active unless they are……….

A

separated from their specific binding protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

testosterone is bound by both sex hormone binding ______________ and ___________.

A

globulin (SHBG), albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

GH is bound by __________

A

GH binding protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

IGF-1 is bound by ________

A

IGF-1 binding protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Until hormones are released from their respective binding proteins, they are not biologically active for ___________ and __________

A

-receptor binding
-cell signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What determines the plasma concentration of hormones?

A

a) rate of secretion from the endocrine gland
(b) magnitude of secretion,
(c) rate of metabolism or excretion of hormone,
(d) quantity of transport proteins,
(e) changes in plasma volume.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the magnitude of a hormone’s effect on its effector dependent on?

A

(a) hormone concentration,
(b) receptor density on the cell membrane or within the cytoplasm,
(c) receptor affinity for the hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Receptor downregulation

A

a decrease in receptor number in response to a consistently high concentration of hormone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Receptor upregulation

A

an increase in receptor number in response to a consistently low concentration of hormone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cellular hormone production and blood hormone concentrations are maintained by ____________

A

feedback mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

target gland examples

A

the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and gonads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

_______ hormones are released from their respective tissue/gland/organ into the bloodstream where they travel to their effector site (another tissue/organ/gland)

A

Endocrine hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Neuroendocrine hormones are released from _______________ and often serve as ___________

A

-nerve terminals
-neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Paracrine hormones act on cells ___________ to the ones from which they are released

A

adjacent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

_____________ hormones act on cells from the same tissue, organ, or gland from which they are released

A

Autocrine hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

____________ hormones act within the same cell that synthesizes them.

A

Intracrine hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Three Types of Hormone Release

A

-hormonal
-humoral
-neural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Hormonal release occurs when….

A

when hormones are released based on stimulation from other hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Humoral release occurs in response to….

A

to changing levels of ions or nutrients in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

example of humoral release

A

the stimulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid gland due to low calcium levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

example of hormonal release

A

the release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells, thereby regulating the release of glucagon from pancreatic alpha cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Neural release occurs when……

A

when hormone release is stimulated by nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

example of neural release

A

the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The release or secretion of hormones can occur by either a __________ or ___________ mechanism.

A

-constitutive
-regulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

___________ secretion involves the cell storing hormone in secretory vesicles and releasing them in bursts when stimulated

A

Regulated secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

__________ secretion involves the cell not storing hormone, rather releasing it from secretory vesicles as it is synthesized.

A

constitutive secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

function of regulated secretion

A

This pathway is highly prevalent in the body and allows cells to secrete a large amount of hormone over a short period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

example of regulated secretion

A

-the release of insulin in response to the pancreatic beta cells detecting elevated levels of glucose in the blood.
-The amount of insulin release would be directly related to the glycemic load detected by the beta cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

function of constitutive secretion

A

allows for the maintained concentration of hormones in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

example of constitutive secretion

A

testosterone, because the levels of this hormone typically remain constant on a routine basis and the clinically normal levels are typically not affected by other hormones or metabolites.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The pituitary gland (hypophysis) is composed of which two regions?

A

-the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
- the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus of the brain by the _____________

A

infundibulum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Within the infundibulum is the _________________ system.

A

hypophyseal circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Axons from hypothalamic nuclei extend to the _____________, where hormones are stored until released into the systemic bloodstream.

A

posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Axons from hypothalamic nuclei induce the release of hormones into the _________________________ which carries them directly to the anterior pituitary.

A

hypophyseal portal circulation

44
Q

function of the hypothalamus

A

-control of regulating energy homeostasis
-responsible for monitoring metabolic changes by sensing alterations in the plasma levels of various metabolic hormones and macronutrient oxidation rate.

45
Q

the _____________________ is associated with hyperphagia and obesity

A

the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

46
Q

__________________________ is associated with aphagia and starvation

A

the lateral hypothalamus (LH)

47
Q

Which hypothalamic sites are associated with regulating food intake and body weight regulation?

A

-the arcuate nucleus (ARC),
-the dorsomedial nuclei (DMN) -paraventricular (PVN) nuclei

48
Q

Within these hypothalamic areas, an abundance of __________ and __________ peptides generate signals that constitute a major part of the neural circuitry regulating feeding/ body weight are produced.

A

orexigenic and anorectic

49
Q

Some peptidergic signals involved in energy homeostasis by stimulating food intake are _______, ___________and ___________________

A

ghrelin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), and growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH),

50
Q

some peptidergic signals that inhibit food intake are -_________, __________, and _______________

A

leptin, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)

51
Q

The anterior pituitary gland is controlled by………?

A

releasing activating and inhibitory hormones secreted into the hypophyseal portal circulation.

52
Q

How do hormones reach the anterior pituitary gland?

A

directly through the hypophyseal portal circulation without entering the systemic circulation.

53
Q

what secretes the trophic hormones?

A

specific secretory cell types of the anterior pituitary

54
Q

what are the 6 major trophic hormones?

A

-thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH], -adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH], -follicle stimulating hormone [FSH], -luteinizing hormone [LH],
-prolactin
-growth hormone

55
Q

purpose of trophic hormones

A

act on distal endocrine glands, which together have feedback effects on these endocrine systems, designed to regulate blood levels of the hormone’s effector.

56
Q

_______________ is a protein that stimulates the growth of bones, muscles, and other organs by increasing protein synthesis.

A

growth hormone

57
Q

what controls the release of growth hormone?

A

The release of GH is controlled by growth hormone–releasing/inhibiting hormone, somatostatin (SS).

58
Q

function of growth hormone

A

-has an important role in tissue growth and the regulation of metabolism.
-induces the release of insulin-like growth factor-1. Hepatically derived IGF-1 has the ability to induce muscle protein synthesis.

59
Q

__________________ produces its own specific form of IGF-1 known as MGF that can also stimulate muscle protein synthesis.

A

skeletal muscle

60
Q

The pineal gland

A

-located within the brain
-consists of portions of neurons and pinealocytes

61
Q

pinealocytes

A

-specialized secretory cells that synthesize the hormone melatonin and secrete it directly into the cerebrospinal fluid.

62
Q

The thyroid gland

A

-located in the anterior portion of the neck. - consists of two lobes, one on each side of the trachea.

63
Q

The thyroid gland consists of ____ lobes, which are connected by the ____________

A

-2 lobes
- isthmus

64
Q

what are two main types of thyroid hormones?

A

-thyroxine (T4, 80% of total) -triiodothyronine (T3, 20% of total)
(they differ by adding one iodine in T4)

64
Q

The majority of circulating T4 and T3 are bound to a _________________.

A

thyroxine-binding protein.

65
Q

Approximately 95% of T4 is converted to active T3 at target tissues by the enzyme, _________________.

A

5′-deiodinase action.

66
Q

The T3 binds to ___________ receptors, initiating transcription of a variety of proteins and enzymes.

A

nuclear receptors

67
Q

What regulates thryroid hormone secretion?

A

it is regulated by a negative feedback mechanism that involves the amount of circulating thyroid hormone, TSH, hypothalamus, and adenohypophysis.

68
Q

the pancreas

A

-organ that lies in the upper abdomen between the stomach, duodenum of small intestine, and spleen.
-secretes digestive enzymes pancreatic lipase, amylase, and protease through by going through the pancreatic duct to the duodenum

69
Q

amylase

A

enzyme for carbohydrates

70
Q

protease

A

enzyme for protein

71
Q

How does the pancreas respond to an elevated glycemic load?

A

the endocrine function of the pancreas involves the synthesis and secretion of insulin from the beta cells comprising the islets of Langerhans.

72
Q

The alpha cells synthesize and secrete _________ in response to a low glycemic load,

A

glucagon

73
Q

the delta cells release___________________ to assist with the negative feedback of GH as this hormone is involved in increasing the blood levels of glucose through liver glycogenolysis.

A

somatostatin (SS)

74
Q

The gonads

A

-the primary reproductive organs with the body and include the testes and ovaries, respectively, in the male and female.

75
Q

testosterone can also be produced in the _____________

A

adrenal cortex

76
Q

What is testosterone regulated by?

A

regulated by the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary that stimulate the testes to produce testosterone.

77
Q

hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis

A

a negative feedback system that involves gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus

78
Q

Through the feedback loop of the HPG axis, high levels of circulating testosterone in men and estradiol in women can inhibit the activity of the hypothalamus to release __________ and the anterior pituitary to release ________ and ___________

A

-GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone)
-LH and FSH.

79
Q

LH stands for

A

Luteinizing hormone

80
Q

FSH stands for

A

follicle stimulating hormone

81
Q

The adrenal gland consists of two main regions: the ________ and the _____________

A
82
Q

Cortex of the adrenal gland

A

-the outer region of the adrenal gland
-releases the steroid hormones, cortisol, and aldosterone.

83
Q

Aldosterone

A

involved in regulating sodium reabsorption in the kidneys to maintain body water levels.

84
Q

Cortisol

A

related to resistance training, it has the ability to increase muscle protein degradation which is inevitably used to increase blood glucose levels during periods of fasting (hypocalorism)

85
Q

medulla of the adrenal gland

A

-inner portion of the adrenal gland
-secretes the catecholamines, epinephrine, and norepinephrine in a neuroendocrine manner

86
Q

adrenal gland

A

the target source for the hypothalmo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

87
Q

cortical and medullary hormones secretion invokes….

A

activation of the sympathetic nervous system

88
Q

how do the cortical and medullary hormones affect exercise?

A

-the hormones cause an increase activity of the cardiovascular system, glycogenolysis (glycogen breakdown to glucose) in both liver and muscle, and lipolysis (triglycerides breakdown) in adipose tissue.

89
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Hormones released by the posterior pituitary and hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary.

90
Q

Oxytocin is..

A

-released by the pituitary gland/hypothalamus
-cued by chemical peptides
-Stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary gland cells
-regulated by the nervous system

91
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

-released by the pituitary gland/hypothalamus
-cued by chemical peptides
-Promotes retention of water by kidneys
-regulated by water salt balance

92
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

-released by the pituitary gland/hypothalamus
-cued by protein
-Stimulates growth (especially bones) and metabolic functions
-regulated by hypothalamic hormones

93
Q

Prolaction (PRL)

A

-released by the pituitary gland/hypothalamus
-cued by protein
-stimulates milk production
-regulated by hypothalamic hormones

94
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

-released by the pituitary gland/hypothalamus
-cued by protein
-Stimulates production of ova and sperm
-regulated by hypothalamic hormones

95
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

-released by the pituitary gland/hypothalamus
-cued by protein
-Stimulates ovaries and testes
-regulated by hypothalamic hormones

96
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

-released by the pituitary gland/hypothalamus
-cued by protein
-stimulated thyroid gland
-regulated by Thyroxine in blood; hypothalamic hormones

97
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

-released by the pituitary gland/hypothalamus
-cued by protein
-Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
-regulated by glucocorticoids; hypothalamic hormones

98
Q

Melatonin

A

-released by the pineal gland
-cued by amine
-Involved in rhythmic activities (daily and seasonal)
-regulated by light/dark cycles

99
Q

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

A

-released by the thyroid gland
-cued by amine
-Stimulates and maintain metabolic processes
-regulated by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

100
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

-released by the thyroid glands
-cued by peptide
-lowers blood calcium level
-regulated by calcium in blood

101
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

-released by the adrenal glands
-cued by amines
-Increase blood glucose increase metabolic activities; constrict certain blood vessels
-regulated by the nervous system

102
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

-released by the adrenal glands
-cued by steroids
-increase blood glucose
-regulated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

103
Q

Insulin

A

-released by the pancreas
-cued by protein
-lowers blood glucose
-regulated by glucose in blood

104
Q

Androgens

A

-released by the testes
-cued by steroids
-Support sperm formation; development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics
-regulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

105
Q

Estrogen

A

-released by the ovaries
-cued by steroids
-Stimulate uterine lining growth; development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics
regulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions