Movement of the Hominids

Question 1

What is the significance of Atapuerca, Spain?

Answer 1

Has sites with some of the oldest evidence of Homo erectus outside of Africa; 1 mya. Tools and bones, evidence of regional variation. “Pit of Bones”, “oldest European”. Pink quartz stone.

Question 2

What is the Acheulean Tool Tradition?

Answer 2

Named after French site, the oldest evidence of the tools is found in Kenya [1.76 mya]. Consists of a large number of bifaces, both sides of tool were flaked; symmetry. 60 hits. Homo erectus.

Question 3

What is the Acheulan Hand Axe?

Answer 3

A tear-dropped shaped axe that has been found in a large geographical range.

Question 4

What is the Advantage of having Fire?

Answer 4

Illumination, cooked food, warmth, protection.

Question 5

What is the first direct evidence of fire?

Answer 5

Wonderwork Cave, South Africa. 1 mya, burnt bone, plant material; Archeulean tools and a hearth.

Question 6

Where is there evidence of hunting?

Answer 6

Boxgrove Quarry site, England. Hand axes and bones found.

Question 7

Where were wooden spears first found?

Answer 7

In Germany, 6-7 feet in length. 400 000 BP.

Question 8

Where was the Homo Floresiensis found?

Answer 8

Liang Bua cave, Flores, Indonesia. Excavated 10 years ago, cranium date = 18 000 BP, body fragments 18 000 BP - 95 000 BP.

Question 9

Why is the Hobbit so small?

Answer 9

Insular dwarfism or a pathology like Microcephaly.

Question 10

What type of body does the Hobbit have?

Answer 10

Similar to A. afarensis; Lucy.

Question 11

What is the Paleolithic Period?

Answer 11

The period of human history where humans have created stone tools; Pleistocene [2.5 mya - 10 000 BP].

Question 12

What is the Lower Paleolithic?

Answer 12

2.5 mya - .2 mya, included H. habilis, erectus, and pre-modern H. sapiens.

Question 13

What is the Middle Paleolithic?

Answer 13

200 000 - 45 000 BP, included modern Homo sapiens (and Neandertals).

Question 14

What is the Upper Paleolithic?

Answer 14

45 000 - 10 000 BP; included cave art, examples of symbolism.

Question 15

What is the range of Neandertals?

Answer 15

500 000 - 25 000 BP, Europe/East Asia.

Question 16

When did the transition from H. erectus to H. sapiens begin?

Answer 16

About 500 000 BP.

Question 17

When were Pre-Modern Homo sapiens in Africa?

Answer 17

400 000 - 200 000 BP, hard to date due to the environment. Had large face with brow ridge, large, heavily worn front teeth.

Question 18

What is the Kabwe [Broken Hill] cranium?

Answer 18

“Rhodesian Man”, found in Zambia in a lead mine. Almost modern cranial capacity, with low forehead and large brow ridges. 300 000 - 125 000 BP.

Question 19

What is the Bodo Cranium?

Answer 19

Pre-modern Homo sapien found in Ethiopia with almost modern cranium size.

Question 20

What is the Levallois Stone Industry?

Answer 20

A sophisticated type of stone knapping where flakes are removed from the core before the creation of a final flake. Done by precursors to modern humans.

Question 21

Where is the oldest Levallois Stone Industry site?

Answer 21

Armenia, 325 000 BP, proves it wasn’t developed in Africa and spread around the world but developed simultaneously.

Question 22

What do the pre-modern Homo sapiens in Asia prove?

Answer 22

Gene flow.

Question 23

What do the pre-modern Homo sapiens in Europe prove?

Answer 23

Emerging evidence of racial differentiation; range from 500 000 BP to 200 000 BP.

Question 24

Who found the name-sake Neandertal cranium?

Answer 24

Rudolf Virchow in Neander Valley, Germany, 1856.

Question 25

What are the main different features of Neandertals?

Answer 25

Large nasal cavity and occipital bun; larger joints, muscle attachments sites are larger, limbs are shorter, very robust.

Question 26

When is the main area of Neandertal activity?

Answer 26

130 000 BP to 30 000 BP.

Question 27

What is important about Kebara Cave, Israel?

Answer 27

Were able to find a lot of postcranial remains of Neandertals; fairly complete skeleton = 60 000 BP; found intact hyoid bone.

Question 28

What is important about the Site of Amud in Israel?

Answer 28

Found a cranium larger than the average humans [1 740cc] dated 50 000 - 70 000 BP.

Question 29

What is important about the site in Shanidar, Iraq?

Answer 29

Found an ‘elderly’ male dated 45 000 BP who was severely injured, but managed to live - evidence of Neandertal’s caring for the welfare of others.

Question 30

What is important about the La Chapelle-aux-Saints site in France?

Answer 30

A nearly complete skeleton was found in France who appeared to be intentionally buried 60 000 BP. What the original Neandertal drawings were based on.

Question 31

What is important about the Saint-Césaire site in France?

Answer 31

Evidence of a second burial (determined by burial bundle/position) dated to 36 000 BP.

Question 32

What was Dorothy Garrod involved in?

Answer 32

The discovered of 5 cranial fragments of a Neandertal child from Gorham’s Cave, Gibralter 2, dated to 24 000 BP.

Question 33

What is the limits of Neandertal DNA?

Answer 33

1 mya.

Question 34

Where are people more likely to have Neandertal DNA?

Answer 34

In Europe rather than in Africa.

Question 35

Where are Neandertal Cave Art found?

Answer 35

In eleven Spain caves, El Castillo, dated to 40 000 BP [H. sapiens around]. Red pigment used.

Question 36

Where were Rock Engravings attributed to Neandertals found?

Answer 36

In Gibralter, fated to 40 000 BP [8 lines cut into rock].

Question 37

What is the Mousterian Stone Industry?

Answer 37

Neandertal stone industry that involved fewer large core tools and more specialized flake tools. 100 hits.

Question 38

What is the transitional tool industry?

Answer 38

Châtelperronian; France and Spain. Cultural Diffusion? Awl - sharp tipped tool used to create holes.

Question 39

Where is there evidence of Cannibalism in Neandertals?

Answer 39

Moula-Guercy, France = 100 000 BP.

Question 40

What two sites show that Neandertals and Homo sapiens may gave been living in close proximity from 40 000 - 30 000 BP?

Answer 40

La Ferrassie Neandertal and Cro-Magnon fossil from France.

Question 41

Where was the first evidence of the modern human cranium?

Answer 41

Omo 1, Ethiopia, dated to 195 000 BP or Border Cave, South Africa, 70 000 - 80 000 BP.