Movement of the Hominids Flashcards
What is the significance of Atapuerca, Spain?
Has sites with some of the oldest evidence of Homo erectus outside of Africa; 1 mya. Tools and bones, evidence of regional variation. “Pit of Bones”, “oldest European”. Pink quartz stone.
What is the Acheulean Tool Tradition?
Named after French site, the oldest evidence of the tools is found in Kenya [1.76 mya]. Consists of a large number of bifaces, both sides of tool were flaked; symmetry. 60 hits. Homo erectus.
What is the Acheulan Hand Axe?
A tear-dropped shaped axe that has been found in a large geographical range.
What is the Advantage of having Fire?
Illumination, cooked food, warmth, protection.
What is the first direct evidence of fire?
Wonderwork Cave, South Africa. 1 mya, burnt bone, plant material; Archeulean tools and a hearth.
Where is there evidence of hunting?
Boxgrove Quarry site, England. Hand axes and bones found.
Where were wooden spears first found?
In Germany, 6-7 feet in length. 400 000 BP.
Where was the Homo Floresiensis found?
Liang Bua cave, Flores, Indonesia. Excavated 10 years ago, cranium date = 18 000 BP, body fragments 18 000 BP - 95 000 BP.
Why is the Hobbit so small?
Insular dwarfism or a pathology like Microcephaly.
What type of body does the Hobbit have?
Similar to A. afarensis; Lucy.
What is the Paleolithic Period?
The period of human history where humans have created stone tools; Pleistocene [2.5 mya - 10 000 BP].
What is the Lower Paleolithic?
2.5 mya - .2 mya, included H. habilis, erectus, and pre-modern H. sapiens.
What is the Middle Paleolithic?
200 000 - 45 000 BP, included modern Homo sapiens (and Neandertals).
What is the Upper Paleolithic?
45 000 - 10 000 BP; included cave art, examples of symbolism.
What is the range of Neandertals?
500 000 - 25 000 BP, Europe/East Asia.
When did the transition from H. erectus to H. sapiens begin?
About 500 000 BP.
When were Pre-Modern Homo sapiens in Africa?
400 000 - 200 000 BP, hard to date due to the environment. Had large face with brow ridge, large, heavily worn front teeth.
What is the Kabwe [Broken Hill] cranium?
“Rhodesian Man”, found in Zambia in a lead mine. Almost modern cranial capacity, with low forehead and large brow ridges. 300 000 - 125 000 BP.
What is the Bodo Cranium?
Pre-modern Homo sapien found in Ethiopia with almost modern cranium size.
What is the Levallois Stone Industry?
A sophisticated type of stone knapping where flakes are removed from the core before the creation of a final flake. Done by precursors to modern humans.
Where is the oldest Levallois Stone Industry site?
Armenia, 325 000 BP, proves it wasn’t developed in Africa and spread around the world but developed simultaneously.
What do the pre-modern Homo sapiens in Asia prove?
Gene flow.
What do the pre-modern Homo sapiens in Europe prove?
Emerging evidence of racial differentiation; range from 500 000 BP to 200 000 BP.
Who found the name-sake Neandertal cranium?
Rudolf Virchow in Neander Valley, Germany, 1856.
What are the main different features of Neandertals?
Large nasal cavity and occipital bun; larger joints, muscle attachments sites are larger, limbs are shorter, very robust.
When is the main area of Neandertal activity?
130 000 BP to 30 000 BP.
What is important about Kebara Cave, Israel?
Were able to find a lot of postcranial remains of Neandertals; fairly complete skeleton = 60 000 BP; found intact hyoid bone.
What is important about the Site of Amud in Israel?
Found a cranium larger than the average humans [1 740cc] dated 50 000 - 70 000 BP.
What is important about the site in Shanidar, Iraq?
Found an ‘elderly’ male dated 45 000 BP who was severely injured, but managed to live - evidence of Neandertal’s caring for the welfare of others.
What is important about the La Chapelle-aux-Saints site in France?
A nearly complete skeleton was found in France who appeared to be intentionally buried 60 000 BP. What the original Neandertal drawings were based on.
What is important about the Saint-Césaire site in France?
Evidence of a second burial (determined by burial bundle/position) dated to 36 000 BP.
What was Dorothy Garrod involved in?
The discovered of 5 cranial fragments of a Neandertal child from Gorham’s Cave, Gibralter 2, dated to 24 000 BP.
What is the limits of Neandertal DNA?
1 mya.
Where are people more likely to have Neandertal DNA?
In Europe rather than in Africa.
Where are Neandertal Cave Art found?
In eleven Spain caves, El Castillo, dated to 40 000 BP [H. sapiens around]. Red pigment used.
Where were Rock Engravings attributed to Neandertals found?
In Gibralter, fated to 40 000 BP [8 lines cut into rock].
What is the Mousterian Stone Industry?
Neandertal stone industry that involved fewer large core tools and more specialized flake tools. 100 hits.
What is the transitional tool industry?
Châtelperronian; France and Spain. Cultural Diffusion? Awl - sharp tipped tool used to create holes.
Where is there evidence of Cannibalism in Neandertals?
Moula-Guercy, France = 100 000 BP.
What two sites show that Neandertals and Homo sapiens may gave been living in close proximity from 40 000 - 30 000 BP?
La Ferrassie Neandertal and Cro-Magnon fossil from France.
Where was the first evidence of the modern human cranium?
Omo 1, Ethiopia, dated to 195 000 BP or Border Cave, South Africa, 70 000 - 80 000 BP.
