Movement of people (Migration, Immigration, Emigration) Flashcards
What treaty created the EEC and was the first to cover freedom of movement?
1957 Treaty of Rome
Which treaty introduced the notion of EU citizenship underpinning the right of eu citizens to move and reside freely in member states?
1992 Treaty of Maastricht
What was the ‘2004 EU Enlargement’
The 2004 EU Enlargement was the largest expansion in the European Union’s history, bringing in 10 new member states from Central, East, Baltic and Mediterranean Europe.
Most EU countries imposed temporary labour market restrictions on workers from the eight East European states which joined in 2004. Three countries did not. What were those countries?
The UK, ROI and Sweden did not. the UK saw an unexpected surge from those states — the majority from Poland
What was the 2004/38/EC Directive?
EU citizens can live, work, or study in any EU without needing a visa. They can stay for up to 3 months without conditions. After 5 years of legal residence, they are entitled to permanent resident rights. Their non-EU family members can become EU citizens after this directive.
What was the impact of Brexit on UK citizens regarding free movement?
-
After Brexit: UK citizens lost automatic free movement rights in the EU.
- EU citizens in the UK had to apply for Settled Status under the EU Settlement Scheme to maintain residence rights.
- Travel and work now require visas and permits under new rules.
What is a posted worker and what was Brexit’s impact?
A posted worker is an employee sent by their employer to temporarily work in another EU country while staying employed in their home country.
Brexit Impact: UK companies lost automatic posting rights in the EU. UK and EU posted workers now face visa and work permit requirements
For posted workers, companies could pay social contribution in the worker’s home country. What issue did this cause and when was this reformed?
This led to social dumping, where companies hired workers from countries with lower social protections to cut labor costs and pay them less than local workers.
The New Posted Workers Directive (2018) updated EU rules to ensure fair pay and working conditions for posted workers, reducing social dumping.
What is the subsifiarity principle (aka ‘yellow card procedure’)
The yellow card procedure is a procedure under which the national parliaments of EU Member States can object to a draft legislative act on grounds of the principle of subsidiarity.
What is the Schengen area and what two EU countries are not a part of it?
Schengen Area: 29 European countries abolished their internal borders, for the free and unrestricted movement of people, in harmony with common rules for controlling external borders and fighting criminality by strengthening the common judicial system and police cooepration.
Schengen Area covers most of the EU countries, except Ireland and Cyprus. Although not members of the EU, countries like Norway, Iceland, Switzerland nad Liechtanstein (EFTA) are also part of the Schengen zone.
6 points on Post Brexit Immigration Policy
- End of Free Movement
- New Points Based Immigration System
- Labour shortages
- Increase in Non-EU migration
- Border and Travel Changes
- Tougher policies on asylum and illegal immigration
Describe the UK’s new points based immigration system
- The UK introduced a points based system in 2021, requiring both EU and non-EU migrants to meet specific skill and salary thresholds
- High-skilled workers, particularly in healthcare and STEM fields have been prioritised, while low skilled worker mgiration has been restricted
What are some ways the UK is trying to reduce illegal immigration, post brexit?
- The Rwanda Deportation Plan: sending some asylum seekers to Rwanda for processing instead of allowing them to stay in the UK.
- increased Patrols and surveillance
- Replacing the Dublin Regulation which determined which EU country should process asylum applications (usually the first country of entry). Now they manage asylum independently → rwanda
