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Brooke Comprehensive Exam > Movement Ecology > Flashcards

Movement Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

diel vertical migration

A

diel separation of modal depths where diel distributions are not significantly overlapping and are of similar variance

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2
Q

diel activity pattern

A

diel distributions have different shapes (variances) but overlap
-ex: dive from surface to >100 m and back during day but stay at surface at night

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3
Q

Why is using diel mean depth not give full picture?

A

doesn’t account for variance or full distribution

-not high resolution

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4
Q

What are the potential evolutionary drivers of dispersal?

A
  • kin competition
  • inbreeding
  • resource competition
  • environmental stochasticity
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5
Q

dispersal

A

any movement between habitat patches

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6
Q

habitat patch

A

area of suitable habitat separates in space from other such areas

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7
Q

ultimate causes of dispersal

A
  • kin interactions/selection (reduce competition)
  • inbreeding avoidance
  • habitat variability
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8
Q

proximate causes of dispersal

A
  • variation in fitness between patches can select for dispersal
  • gene for plasticity in dispersal selected for
  • emigration
  • inter-patch movement
  • immigration
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9
Q

What may cause variation in individual dispersal?

A
  • sex (variation in life history strategies between sexes)
  • developmental stage
  • body size or condition (smaller individuals may disperse because outcompeted OR larger individuals may disperse because they are in better condition to do so)
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10
Q

Why might predators use fronts/eddies?

A
  • migratory cue
  • enhanced foraging opportunities
  • preferred thermal habitat
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11
Q

Why can/do blue sharks use mesoscale anticyclonic eddies?

A

anomalously warm temperature at depth allow these predators to deep-dive to forage on abundant fish community they normally couldn’t reach

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12
Q

What can habitat suitability modeling be use for?

A

help assess the efficacy of spatial management strategies, determine proportion of protection/vulnerability to fishing, inform conservation/management plans for HMS

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13
Q

What environmental variables may impact shark occurrence?

A

-bathymetry, bathymetric slope, chlorophyll a, SST, surface current

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14
Q

Maximum Entropy Model

A

habitat suitability model based on environmental variables and presence-only data
-can be used to project habitat suitability under climate change scenarios and levels of protection

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15
Q

partial migration

A

when only some individuals from a population migrate

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16
Q

ultimate causes of partial migration

A
  • reproduction
  • feeding/diet
  • predation
  • body size and physiology
  • competitive release
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17
Q

Describe the evolutionary maintenance of partial migration.

A
  • stable state - the two strategies (migrate and don’t migrate) have equal fitness at equilibrium
  • best strategy dependent upon the individuals phenotype
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18
Q

What are the consequences of partial migration?

A
  • ecological (nutrient transport and trophic effects)

- evolutionary (divergence of populations if partial migration is related to breeding)

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19
Q

Why are migratory species more vulnerable to population declines?

A

they rely on multiple habitats to complete their life cycle

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20
Q

differential migration

A

distance traveled or timing differs between portions of the population

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21
Q

What are the hypotheses for differential migration?

A
  • body size (effect temperature tolerance, fasting tolerance)
  • dominance (subordinate animals forced away)
  • arrival-time (distance migrated may affect arrival time at breeding site. Early arrival may increased breeding)
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22
Q

obligate migration

A

must always migrate

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23
Q

facultative migration

A

only migrate in a proximate response to current deterioration of local conditions

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24
Q

nomadism

A

migration does not follow a regular pattern but links temporary breeding sites that are located where conditions are ephemerally favorable

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25
Q

irruption (migration)

A

occasional, irregular movements of a significant proportion of a population beyond its usual breeding or non-breeding area

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26
Q

Describe migration vs foraging behavior characteristics.

A

Foraging is slow meandering, changing directions, small spatial scales. Migration is directed, undistracted (don’t stop or change direction), large spatial scales

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27
Q

How does internal state influence movement?

A
  • high body condition facilitates efficiency of foraging, dispersal, migration
  • dispersal decision can also be stimulated by decreased condition (stress hormones) telling individual to leave
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28
Q

Describe how scale impacts animal habitat selection from large to small.

A
  • geographical range
  • level where animals conduct their activities (home range)
  • level of specific sites or specific components within their home range (breeding ground, feeding ground, pupping ground)
  • according to how they will procure resources within the micro-sites
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29
Q

habitat

A

resources and condition present in an area that produce occupancy by a given organism

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30
Q

habitat use

A

way and animal uses a collection of physical and biological components (i.e., resources in a habitat)

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31
Q

habitat selection

A

hierarchical process (series of innate and learned behavioral decisions) by which an animal chooses which habitat components to use

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32
Q

habitat preference

A

consequence of habitat selection process resulting in the disproportional use of some resources over others

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33
Q

habitat availability

A

accessibility and procurability of physical and biological components of a habitat by animals

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34
Q

abundance

A

amount of a resource in a habitat regardless of the organisms present

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35
Q

habitat quality

A

the ability of the environment to provide conditions appropriate for individual population persistence
-not based on population density or abundance

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36
Q

Why might “suitable habitat” be inappropriate to use?

A

if an organism occupies and area that supports at least some of its needs, then it is habitat

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37
Q

critical habitat

A

high-quality habitat

-an area’s ability to provide resources for population persistance

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38
Q

Why are PSAT location data inaccurate?

A

error associated with natural variability in light levels

  • light attenuation with depth
  • turbidity
  • clock error
  • shark diving behavior
39
Q

What are methods for improving PSAT tracks?

A
  • filtering outliers
  • smoothing procedures (moving averages)
  • processing raw estimates of location using state-space movement models (Kalman filter or particle filter)
  • matching SST from tags with remotely sensed SSTs
40
Q

How to finmount satellite tags determine location?

A

Doppler-shift calculations made by Argos when satellite receives 2+ signals from tag

41
Q

What might cause tag failure?

A

saltwater switch malfunction due to biofouling

-switch to copper switch may reduce biofouling

42
Q

What is the limitation of most shark movement studies?

A

They can only describe the “what” rather than the “why” aspects of shark behavior and ecology

43
Q

What are ecotourism and fisher concerns about shark tags?

A
  • animal welfare and behavior
  • unsightly in photos
  • too many tagged
  • exposes fishing locations
  • data used against fishers
  • change quality of animal meat
44
Q

What is reducing impact of tagging studies on policy?

A

-lack of communication between managers and researchers on needs and outcomes

45
Q

How can tracking data benefit policy?

A
  • bycatch mitigation measures
  • MPAs
  • time/area closures
  • defining stocks
  • assess abundance
  • quantify mortality
  • identify essential fish habitat
  • identify overlap with human activities
  • dynamic ocean management (real-time)
46
Q

What are the 4 main components that contribute to movement?

A
  • internal state
  • external factors (abiotic and biotic)
  • motion capacity (ability to move)
  • navigation capacity (orient and navigate)
47
Q

hotspots

A

spatiotemporal patterns of areas of high fishing density that overlap with animal habitat

48
Q

spatiotemporal modeling

A

estimates species distribution and density in unsampled areas by imputation over space and time
-reduces biases caused by spatial and temporal heterogeneity of both fish and fisheries

49
Q

preferred habitat

A

locations where the predicted catch rate is greater than the mean value

50
Q

home range

A

an area with a defined probability (50%, 95%) of occurrence of an animal during a specified period

51
Q

What is the problem with minimum convex polygon and flat kernels?

A

assume uniform space use within range

  • unlikely for most animals
  • probalistic methods are more useful
52
Q

utilization distribution

A

probability distribution that maps an individual’s relative use of space
-kernal method provides an estimate of the UD

53
Q

What is the benefit and con of traditional kernel method?

A
  • pro: provides estimate of the utilization distribution (spatial probability)
  • con: assumes statistical independence of observations (transmission are usually also temporally autocorrelated, which can cause UD to be biased)
54
Q

time kernel method

A
  • preferrable to traditional kernel method
  • considers both spatial and temporal aggregation of observations
  • calculates utilization distribution by standard kernel method BUT gives less weight to temporally close observations
  • can also determine weight based on spatiotemporal variant of the time kernel (keeps high weight for fast long-distance movements that are important)
  • highest UD values given to areas where the animal repeatedly returned to after being elsewhere for a while
55
Q

How does ecology and evolution impact dispersal?

A
  • ecology - abiotic factors and local adaptation to environment
  • evolution - intra- and inter-specific interactions and dispersal capacity (inbreeding prevention, kin selection, dispersal capacity all genetic)
56
Q

What does the success of spatial closures depend on?

A
  • size/shape of closure
  • fishing pressure outside of closed area
  • no take vs no entry
  • time period of closure
  • life stages that use closed area
  • fish movement rates
57
Q

What might drive pronounced activity at crepuscular periods?

A

May aid in orientation and navigation

-sun angles and geomagnetic or electrical fields

58
Q

When do animals use Levy flight vs Brownian movement?

A
  • Levy flight when resources are scarce and patchily distributed
  • Brownian movement when resources are abundance
59
Q

When did international fleets targeting large, epipelagic fishes spread into the high seas?

A

1950s

-prior to this, high seas were a spatial refuge

60
Q

What percentage of worldwide shark catches are large pelagic sharks?

A

~52%

61
Q

Describe overlap between porbeagle habitat and fishing zones.

A
  • 47% mean monthly overlap between porbeagle habitat and fishing on global scale
  • 52% mean monthly overlap between porbeagle habitat and fishing in N Atlantic
  • Porbeagle occurred in the highest risk zone in the N Atlantic
62
Q

abundant center hypothesis

A

assumption that species are most abundant in the center of their range and decline in abundance toward the range edges

63
Q

What are drivers of population distribution range boundaries and species responses to climate change?

A
  • extreme environmental heterogeneity
  • organisms adapt differently to heterogeneous conditions at different parts of their range
  • variation in population demographics across the rang (birth, death, immigration, emigration)
  • variation in species interactions across range
  • variation between range edges
  • variation in anthropogenic impacts
64
Q

dynamic range models

A

statistically estimate both range dynamics and the underlying environmental response of demographic rates from species distribution data
-how spatiotemporal variation in population growth and dispersal determine spatiotemporal distribution of local population size

65
Q

Hutchinsonian niche

A

set of environmental conditions under which a species can “exist indefinitely”

  • intrinsic population growth rate (r) is positive
  • can be dynamic to describe how birth and death rates vary with environmental conditions
66
Q

What is the dilemma of estimating niche?

A

to have unbiased niche estimate you have to quantify range dynamics
-requires knowledge of how demographic rates respond to environmental variation

67
Q

demographic response model

A

how spatiotemporal variation in environment translates into spatiotemporal variation in birth, death, dispersal

68
Q

Allee effects

A

positive density-dependence of population growth at low desnities

69
Q

FAIR (framework to promote biologging data standardization)

A

Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable

70
Q

TRUST (framework to promote biologging data standardization)

A

Transparency, Responsibility, User focus, Sustainability, Technology

71
Q

What are causes of individual variation in animal movement?

A
  • intra-specific interactions (competition, mating)
  • inter-specific interactions (prey and predation, competition)
  • abiotic factors
  • individual traits (genotype, internal state, perception of external factors, sex, life stage)
72
Q

What are consequences of individual variation in animal movement?

A
  • individual (cost/benefits in terms of growth, survival, reproduction)
  • population (genetic structure, population connectivity, demographic rates)
  • community/ecosystem (competition, predator-prey interactions, nutrient inputs across ecosystems)
73
Q

How is individual variation in animal movement maintained?

A
  • genetics (individual movement differences may to due to different genotypes)
  • maintained by balance of genetic drift, immigration/emigration, mutation, selection
74
Q

How do PSATs estimate longitude?

A

comparing the time of local midnight or midday with that of UTC time

75
Q

How do PSATs estimate latitude?

A

estimates of day length based on timing of sunrise and sunset time based on light level

76
Q

Why do sharks show regular diving oscillation throughout the day?

A
  • searching for prey (diving most efficient way to sample olfactory sources)
  • DVM - prey tracking of vertically migrating populations
77
Q

How do we infer habitat selection of sharks based on tag data?

A

by comparing the habitat types where sharks are location to the types of other (presumably) equally available habitats where they are NOT located at a given time
-compare the amount of time spent (or prey encountered) in each habitat as a function of the movement track observed, compared with the predicted values for that individual based on random walks though the same environment

78
Q

How much lower are daily energy costs by using “hunt warm, rest cool” strategy?

A

~3-4%

-adds up over lifetime

79
Q

What factors effect home range size?

A
  • metabolic rate and energy availability
  • locomotion strategy
  • foraging dimension (2D or 3D)
  • trophic guild
  • prey size
  • BODY SIZE
80
Q

How is thermoregulation expected to impact home range size?

A

expected to have larger home range because of higher MR, higher energetic needs, and larger area needed to find prey to meet those needs

  • but this relationship was not found
  • home range most impacted by body size
81
Q

kernel density function

A
  • where there is a high concentration of points (presence locations) the kernel estimate has a higher density than where there are fewer points
  • non-parametric
82
Q

What is a state space model?

A

Hierarchical models that accommodates the modeling of 2 time series:

  • a state, or process, time series that is unobserved and attempts to reflect the true, but hidden, state of nature (i.e., behavioral state)
  • an observation time series that consists of observations of or measurements related to the state of the time series
83
Q

What are the assumptions of state space models?

A
  • state time series evolves as a Markov process (incorporates temporal dependence of states)
  • observations are independent of one another once we account for their dependence on the states (any marginal dependence between observations is the result of the dependence between hidden states)
84
Q

first difference correlated random walk

A
  • one of first SSM for animal movement
  • developed for Argos doppler shift location data
  • time series of N observed Argos locations at irregular time intervals
  • time series of T true locations of the animal at regular time intervals
  • process equation assumes that the animal location is not only dependent on the previous location, but also on the animals previous movement in each coordinate
  • interpolates true location based on the proportion of time between observations compared to regular interval
85
Q

continuous-time correlated random walk

A

-SSM where process equation is in terms of how changes in velocity through time affect the location of animal

86
Q

hidden Markov model (HMM)

A
  • class of SSM where the states are discrete (generally categorical with a finite number of possible values) rather than continuous
  • used to model and animal that switches between distinct behavioral modes
  • Markov chain - probability of being in each mode at time t depends only on the state value at the previous time step
87
Q

Why is sampling frequency important in modeling distinct behavior modes?

A

-must sample the movement track at high enough frequency so that multiple locations are recorded in each movement bout

88
Q

Why is there often migration between distinct residency regions in sharks?

A

in response to maintaining optimal thermal envelopes

  • seeking high prey availability
  • areas for reproduction
89
Q

phenology

A

timing of life events

90
Q

environmental envelope

A

the set of environments within which it is believed that a species can persist

  • where its environmental requirements can be met
  • mapping these envelopes in space delineates potential range
91
Q

How can we overestimate or underestimate potential range using environmental envelopes?

A
  • overestimate - if parts of potential range represent combos of parameters which are collectively unsuitable even though individual parameter values for those parts are within the observed ranges
  • underestimate - if the records of observation do not fully span the environmental envelope
92
Q

area-restricted search behavior

A

a predator in a patchy prey-field will spend more time and search more intensively in rich foraging areas than in sparse areas

93
Q

What are traditional techniques for generating pseudo-absence points?

A

generate points at random across range (but outside the species known distribution, in unsuitable habitat), often failing to include biological knowledge about the species-habitat relationship

94
Q

habitat envelopes

A

ecological representation of a species or species features (i.e., nest) observed distribution (realized niche) based on a single attribute or the spatial intersection of multiple attributes
-generates pseudo absence points from WITHIN the species distribution (excluding its known presence areas)

Brooke Comprehensive Exam (9 decks)

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