Movement Disorders

Question 1

What is a tremor?

Answer 1

Involuntary rhythmic oscillatory movement of a body part, usually due to reciprocal antagonistic muscle groups

Question 2

Resting tremors are minimal/absent during activity. True/False?

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Action tremors incorporate which tremors and are always below what frequency?

Answer 3

Always below 13Hz

Postural, kinetic or intention tremors

Question 4

Which tremor is associated with Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 4

Resting tremor

Question 5

Intention tremors occur during voluntary movement and can be signs of which brain region dysfunction?

Answer 5

Cerebellar disorder

Question 6

Give examples of causes of physiological tremors

Answer 6

Stress
Anxiety
Stimulants
Postural changes

Question 7

A cerebellar tremor usually occurs unilaterally. True/False?

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Which tremor is more associated with family history - resting or essential/postural?

Answer 8

Essential/postural tremor

Question 9

What is dystonia?

Answer 9

Involuntary sustained muscle contraction in a body part leading to abnormal posture
Can lead to twisting, intermittent spasms and repetitive movement

Question 10

Dystonias can be generalised or focal/segmental. What is the main treatment for each?

Answer 10

Generalised dystonia: anticholinergic, muscle relaxants

Focal/segmental: botox injection

Question 11

List some diseases associated with secondary dystonias

Answer 11

Wilson’s disease
Multiple sclerosis
Parkinson’s disease
Cerebral palsy

Question 12

What is chorea?

Answer 12

Non-rhythmic jerky purposeless movement, akin to fidgetiness, usually generalised but may be confined

Question 13

List inherited causes of choreas

Answer 13

Huntington disease
Wilson’s disease
Spinocerebellar ataxia
Neuroacanthocytosis

Question 14

List autoimmune causes of chorea

Answer 14

SLE
Anti-phospholipid syndrome
Behcet disease
Coeliac disease
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Sydenham's chorea

Question 15

Which drugs can provide symptomatic relief for choreas?

Answer 15

Tetrabenazine

Dopamine blockers

Question 16

What are tics?

Answer 16

Non-rhythmic stereotypical rapid movements that provide relief after doing them

Question 17

Give examples of tics

Answer 17

Eye blinking
Clearing throat
Arm swinging
Shouting/singing out loud

Question 18

What is the main primary tics disorder?

Answer 18

Tourette’s syndrome

Question 19

What is myoclonus?

Answer 19

Brief, shock-like muscle contraction