Movement disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main types of movement disorder?

A

Pyramidal movement disorders
Extra-pyramidal movement disorders

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2
Q

What are the 2 main signs of pyramidal movement disorder?

A

Spasticity
Pyramidal weakness

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of extra-pyramidal movement disorder?

A

Hyperkinetic
Hypokinetic

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4
Q

What are some signs of hyperkinetic movement disorders?

A
  • Dystonia
  • Tics
  • Myoclonus
  • Chorea
  • Tremor
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5
Q

What is a sign of hypokinetic movement disorders?

A

Parkinsonism

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6
Q

What is vascular parkinsonism?

A

A contentious form of movement disorder predominantly affecting the lower limbs, with signs of vascular lesions in the brain and rarely a resting tremor

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7
Q

What causes drug-induced parkinsonism?

A

Any drug that blocks the action of dopamine

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8
Q

What are some drugs that can cause drug-induced Parkinsonism?

A
  • Metoclopramide (Anti-emetic)
  • Neuroleptic drugs
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9
Q

What is essential tremor?

A

An autosomal dominant tremor disorder causing a symmetric, high-frequency tremor, responsive to alcohol

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10
Q

What is multiple system atrophy?

A

A progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by a combination of symptoms that affect both the CNS and autonomic nervous system

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11
Q

What is the triad of symptoms in multiple system atrophy?

A
  • Dysautonomia
  • Cerebellar features
  • Parkinsonism
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12
Q

What are some non-triad symptoms of multiple system atrophy?

A
  • Severe dysarthria
  • Dysphonia
  • Marked antecollis
  • Inspiratory sighing
  • Orofacial dystonia
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13
Q

What are some MRI features of multiple system atrophy?

A

Cerebellar and pontine atrophy (“hot cross bun” sign, or hyperintense rim surrounding the putamen in T2-weighted sequences)

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14
Q

What is progressive supra-nuclear palsy?

A

A symmetric, akinetic-rigid syndrome with predominantly axial involvement

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15
Q

What is the presentation of progressive supra-nuclear palsy?

A

Gait and balance impairment
Vertical gaze palsy
Pseudobulbar syndromes
Retrocollis
Continuous activity of the frontalis muscle with eyes wide open

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16
Q

What is corticobasal syndrome (CBS)?

A

A rare, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by a combination of motor, cognitive, and sensory deficits

17
Q

What are some motor symptoms of CBS?

A
  • Asymmetric rigidity
  • Akinesia (lack of movement)
  • Dystonia
  • Alien limb phenomenon (Limb behaves as if it has a will of its own)
18
Q

What are some cognitive symptoms of CBS?

A
  • Executive dysfunction
  • Apraxia (inability to perform tasks despite understanding them and having the physical ability to perform them)
  • Language disturbances.
19
Q

What are some sensory symptoms of CBS?

A

Tactile and proprioceptive deficits, leading to impaired perception of touch and limb position

20
Q
A