Movement disorders Flashcards
What are the 2 main types of movement disorder?
Pyramidal movement disorders
Extra-pyramidal movement disorders
What are the 2 main signs of pyramidal movement disorder?
Spasticity
Pyramidal weakness
What are the 2 types of extra-pyramidal movement disorder?
Hyperkinetic
Hypokinetic
What are some signs of hyperkinetic movement disorders?
- Dystonia
- Tics
- Myoclonus
- Chorea
- Tremor
What is a sign of hypokinetic movement disorders?
Parkinsonism
What is vascular parkinsonism?
A contentious form of movement disorder predominantly affecting the lower limbs, with signs of vascular lesions in the brain and rarely a resting tremor
What causes drug-induced parkinsonism?
Any drug that blocks the action of dopamine
What are some drugs that can cause drug-induced Parkinsonism?
- Metoclopramide (Anti-emetic)
- Neuroleptic drugs
What is essential tremor?
An autosomal dominant tremor disorder causing a symmetric, high-frequency tremor, responsive to alcohol
What is multiple system atrophy?
A progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by a combination of symptoms that affect both the CNS and autonomic nervous system
What is the triad of symptoms in multiple system atrophy?
- Dysautonomia
- Cerebellar features
- Parkinsonism
What are some non-triad symptoms of multiple system atrophy?
- Severe dysarthria
- Dysphonia
- Marked antecollis
- Inspiratory sighing
- Orofacial dystonia
What are some MRI features of multiple system atrophy?
Cerebellar and pontine atrophy (“hot cross bun” sign, or hyperintense rim surrounding the putamen in T2-weighted sequences)
What is progressive supra-nuclear palsy?
A symmetric, akinetic-rigid syndrome with predominantly axial involvement
What is the presentation of progressive supra-nuclear palsy?
Gait and balance impairment
Vertical gaze palsy
Pseudobulbar syndromes
Retrocollis
Continuous activity of the frontalis muscle with eyes wide open